After-Effects of Exposure of Men to Carbon Dioxide

Alexander, William F.; Duff, Patricia M.; Haldane, J. B. S.; Ives, Graham C.; Renton, Douglas G.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)62201-8

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…This study and Haldane's test are also both consistent with the scientific analysis of the atmosphere of the sunken submarine HMS Thetis [47]. Following the sinking of the Thetis, four crewmembers escaped and reported the measured atmospheric composition onboard the sub at the time of the escape.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…The scientists started with 6.1% carbon dioxide in the chamber, but only managed to rebreathe this gas mixture for 30 minutes before being forced to purge the chamber with air to lower the CO 2 levels. After another 30 minutes, all scientists were described as "panting severely," despite the fact that oxygen levels had been maintained at a physiologically comfortable level of no lower than approximately 18 percent [47].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Did the crew of the submarine H.L. Hunley suffocate?

Lance

Moon

Crisafulli³

et al. 2016

Forensic Science International

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The submarine H.L. Hunley was the first submarine to sink an enemy ship during combat; however, the cause of its sinking has been a mystery for over 150 years. The Hunley set off a 61.2 kg (135 lb) black powder torpedo at a distance less than 5 m (16 ft) off its bow. Scaled experiments were performed that measured black powder and shock tube explosions underwater and propagation of blasts through a model ship hull. This propagation data was used in combination with archival experimental data to evaluate the risk to the crew from their own torpedo. The blast produced likely caused flexion of the ship hull to transmit the blast wave; the secondary wave transmitted inside the crew compartment was of sufficient magnitude that the calculated chances of survival were less than 16% for each crew member. The submarine drifted to its resting place after the crew died of air blast trauma within the hull.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Did the crew of the submarine H.L. Hunley suffocate?

Lance

Moon

Crisafulli³

et al. 2016

Forensic Science International

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“…Hypercapnia can cause headache and increased intracranial pressure due to cerebral vasodilation, as well as muscle twitching of the extremities or face [6], or psychomotor slowing [3]. A rapid return to breathing room air or oxygen following exposure to carbon dioxide can cause vomiting, headache and discomfort [8]. Hypercapnia has additional implications for the heart.…”

Section: Physical Symptoms Of Hypercapniamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subsequent work has confirmed the importance of carbon dioxide in compressed-air narcosis [3,4]. With prolonged or high levels of exposure to carbon dioxide, studies have demonstrated both physical [5][6][7][8] and cognitive impairments [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Elevated carbon dioxide also increases the risk for oxygen toxicity [17,18], likely due to vasodilation of the cerebral vasculature [19], which can lead to oxygeninduced convulsions during dives considered to be within the safe limit for oxygen exposure [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypercapnia in diving: a review of CO2 retention in submersed exercise at depth

Dunworth

Natoli

Cooter

et al. 2017

UHM

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Carbon dioxide (CO 2) retention, or hypercapnia, is a known risk of diving that can cause mental and physical impairments leading to life-threatening accidents. Often, such accidents occur due to elevated inspired carbon dioxide. For instance, in cases of CO 2 elimination system failures during rebreather dives, elevated inspired partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO 2) can rapidly lead to dangerous levels of hypercapnia. Elevations in P a CO 2 (arterial pressure of CO 2) can also occur in divers without a change in inspired PCO 2. In such cases, hypercapnia occurs due to alveolar hypoventilation. Several factors of the dive environment contribute to this effect through changes in minute ventilation and dead space. Predominantly, minute _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ KEYWORDS: carbon dioxide; carbon dioxide retention; hypercapnia; PCO 2 ; P a CO 2 ; P ET O 2 ; diving; Haldane effect ventilation is reduced in diving due to changes in respiratory load and associated changes in respiratory control. Minute ventilation is further reduced by hyperoxic attenuation of chemosensitivity. Physiologic dead space is also increased due to elevated breathing gas density and to hyperoxia. The Haldane effect, a reduction in CO 2 solubility in blood due to hyperoxia, may contribute indirectly to hypercapnia through an increase in mixed venous PCO 2. In some individuals, low ventilatory response to hypercapnia may also contribute to carbon dioxide retention. This review outlines what is currently known about hypercapnia in diving, including its measurement, cause, mental and physical effects, and areas for future study.

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Forensische Toxikologie

Mueller

1953

Gerichtliche Medizin

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After-Effects of Exposure of Men to Carbon Dioxide

Cited by 9 publications

References 4 publications

Did the crew of the submarine H.L. Hunley suffocate?

Did the crew of the submarine H.L. Hunley suffocate?

Hypercapnia in diving: a review of CO2 retention in submersed exercise at depth

Forensische Toxikologie

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