“…Known as research bonded models (Martinek & Schempp, 1988), they often involve school practitioners in action research projects whose products rewarded all parties and stimulate change in teaching and teacher education (e.g., Catelli, 1992;Martinek & Butt, 1988;Sharpe, 1992;Sharpe, Bahls, Lounsbery, Wolf, Brown, Golden, & Deibler, 1995). Other partnerships are program assistance models that frequently target at-risk youth, foregrounding service while providing field-based practica for majors, graduate students, or both (e.g., DeBusk & Hellison, 1989;Bluechardt, 1995;Griffin & Hutchinson, 1988;Lifka, 1990;Williamson & Georgiadis, 1992).…”