Agar

Sousa, Ana; Rocha, Cristina M. R.; Gonçalves, M. P.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820104-6.00014-0

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 183 publications

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“…Polysaccharides play significant roles as immunomodulators, antioxidants, antitumor drugs, anticoagulants, and antiviral agents. Algal cells are an abundant resource of these macromolecules [ 45 ].…”

Section: Bio-productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: A Factory of Nutraceutical and Food Supplements for Human Health

et al. 2023

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Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (C. reinhardtii) is one of the most well-studied microalgae organisms that revealed important information for the photosynthetic and metabolic processes of plants and eukaryotes. Numerous extensive studies have also underpinned its great potential as a biochemical factory, capable of producing various highly desired molecules with a direct impact on human health and longevity. Polysaccharides, lipids, functional proteins, pigments, hormones, vaccines, and antibodies are among the valuable biomolecules that are produced spontaneously or under well-defined conditions by C. reinhardtii and can be directly linked to human nutrition and diet. The aim of this review is to highlight the recent advances in the field focusing on the most relevant applications related to the production of important biomolecules for human health that are also linked with human nutrition and diet. The limitations and challenges are critically discussed along with the potential future applications of C. reinhardtii biomass and processed products in the field of nutraceuticals and food supplements. The increasing need for high-value and low-cost biomolecules produced in an environmentally and economy sustainable manner also underline the important role of C. reinhardtii.

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Section: Bio-productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: A Factory of Nutraceutical and Food Supplements for Human Health

et al. 2023

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“…Agar (a mixture of agarose and agaropectins) is extracted from red algae (rhodophytes) for commercial use at an industrial scale, including culinary/food applications, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and scientific research (e.g., microbiology, molecular biology, and biotechnology). Moreover, novel and ever-growing usages are quickly emerging in medical, biomaterials, agriculture, biodegradable plastics, papermaking, and numerous other fields [ 119 ]. There has also been a burgeoning interest in the fermentation of agar for the production of economically useful products, including biofuels [ 120 , 121 ] and alcoholic beverages—using red algae for the production of “alternative” beers [ 39 ].…”

Section: Agarasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unlike the case for phaeophytes and chlorophytes, the situation has been historically exacerbated with the lack of a good model system for the study of red algae, particularly for agarophytes [ 133 , 134 , 135 ]. The recent cultivation of Gracilaria with new emerging tools in molecular biology and bioinformatics has begun to illuminate agar metabolism and immunology within macroalgal rhodophytes [ 119 , 129 ].…”

Section: Agarasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Research Topics in the Vibrionaceae and the Squid–Vibrio Symbiosis

Soto

2022

Microorganisms

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The Vibrionaceae encompasses a cosmopolitan group that is mostly aquatic and possesses tremendous metabolic and genetic diversity. Given the importance of this taxon, it deserves continued and deeper research in a multitude of areas. This review outlines emerging topics of interest within the Vibrionaceae. Moreover, previously understudied research areas are highlighted that merit further exploration, including affiliations with marine plants (seagrasses), microbial predators, intracellular niches, and resistance to heavy metal toxicity. Agarases, phototrophy, phage shock protein response, and microbial experimental evolution are also fields discussed. The squid–Vibrio symbiosis is a stellar model system, which can be a useful guiding light on deeper expeditions and voyages traversing these “seas of interest”. Where appropriate, the squid–Vibrio mutualism is mentioned in how it has or could facilitate the illumination of these various subjects. Additional research is warranted on the topics specified herein, since they have critical relevance for biomedical science, pharmaceuticals, and health care. There are also practical applications in agriculture, zymology, food science, and culinary use. The tractability of microbial experimental evolution is explained. Examples are given of how microbial selection studies can be used to examine the roles of chance, contingency, and determinism (natural selection) in shaping Earth’s natural history.

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“…Red algae (Rhodophyta) are the unique source of the sulfated galactans agar and carrageenans, but also the only natural source of floridean starch. These three SP may be concurrent, but generally agarophytes belong to the Gelidium, Gracilaria, Pterocladia, and Gelidiella genera, being Gracilaria species the first source (Sousa, Rocha, and Gonçalves 2020). In Gelidium and Gracilaria species, agar content is around 30-40% DW (Lee et al 2017).…”

Section: Polysaccharide's Occurrencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Depending on sulfation degree and pattern, anionic charge of the polymer will be altered, which has led to refer to the more neutral agar SP as agarose and the higher sulfated agaropectin (Armisén and Galatas 2009). Agarose is defined by the presence of 3,6-D-anhydrogalactopyranose, which strengthens agarose gel viscosity making it more desirable for gelling applications (Sousa, Rocha, and Gonçalves 2020). Moreover, agaropectin is also characterized for higher presence of acetate and pyruvate substitutions.…”

Section: Agarmentioning

confidence: 99%