Age and COVID-19 mortality in the United States: a comparison of the prison and general population

Nowotny, Kathryn M.; Metheny, Hannah; LeMasters, Katherine; Brinkley‐Rubinstein, Lauren

doi:10.1108/ijph-08-2021-0069

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…In England and Wales, PEI had an SMR of 3.3, that is, a 3.3 times increase in COVID-19 deaths in prisoners compared with the public 13. Two US studies noted SMRs of 4.45 and 2.89 in PEI 59 60. Death within 60 days of COVID-19 diagnosis was over three times more likely in the Danish prison population population compared with the general population (aIRR 3.11, 95% CI 1.93 to 5.03) 42.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on people experiencing incarceration: a systematic review

Williams,

Spinks,

Williams

et al. 2024

BMJ Open

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ObjectiveTo assess the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on people experiencing incarceration (PEI), focusing particularly on clinical outcomes compared with the general population.DesignSystematic review with narrative synthesis in accordance with the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination’s good practice guidelines.Data sourcesMedline, Social Policy and Practice, Criminology Connection, ASSIA, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Web Of Science, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Cochrane COVID-19 reviews, COVID-19 Evidence Reviews and L*OVE COVID-19 Evidence databases were searched up to 21 October 2022.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesWe included studies presenting data specific to adults ≥18 years experiencing incarceration, with exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection. All studies with a comparison group, regardless of study design and country were included. Studies with no comparison group data or not measuring clinical outcomes/health inequalities were excluded. Studies focussing on detained migrants, forensic hospitals, prison staff and those not in English were also excluded.Data extraction and synthesisTwo reviewers extracted data and assessed risk of bias. Data underwent narrative synthesis using a framework analysis based on the objectives, for infection rates, testing, hospitalisation, mortality, vaccine uptake rates and mental health outcomes. There was no scope for meta-analysis, due to the heterogeneity of evidence available.Results4516 references were exported from the databases and grey literature searched, of which 55 met the inclusion criteria. Most were from the USA and were retrospective analyses. Compared with the general population, PEI were usually found to have higher rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection and poorer clinical outcomes. Conflicting data were found regarding vaccine uptake and testing rates compared with the general population. The mental health of PEI declined during the pandemic. Certain subgroups were more adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, such as ethnic minorities and older PEI.ConclusionPEI have poorer COVID-19 clinical outcomes than the general public, as shown by largely low-quality heterogenous evidence. Further high-quality research of continuing clinical outcomes and appropriate mitigating interventions is required to assess downstream effects of the pandemic on PEI. However, performing such research in the context of incarceration facilities is highly complex and potentially challenging. Prioritisation of resources for this vulnerable group should be a focus of national policy in the event of future pandemics.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42022296968.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on people experiencing incarceration: a systematic review

Williams,

Spinks,

Williams

et al. 2024

BMJ Open

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“…Throughout the course of the pandemic, carceral facilities experienced some of the largest single site cluster outbreaks of covid-19 in the US. The documented case rate of covid-19 was five times that of the general population in the US, and the death rate was three times as high 910. By 6 June 2020, the covid-19 case rate was 3251/100 000 prisoners compared with 587/100 000 in the general US population 10.…”

Section: Covid-19 In American Prisons and Jailsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Covid-19 in US jails and prisons: implications for the next public health crisis

LeMasters,

Brinkley-Rubinstein

2024

BMJ

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“…Changes in other institutionalized populations may also be considered. In particular, in the United States the incarcerated population was 2.1 million in 2018 (decreasing to 1.7 million in 2020); incarcerated people had threefold higher COVID‐19 standardized mortality than the general population 18 …”

Section: Adjusting For Changes In Other High‐risk Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flaws and uncertainties in pandemic global excess death calculations

Ioannidis

Zonta

Levitt

2023

Eur J Clin Investigation

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Several teams have been publishing global estimates of excess deaths during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Here, we examine potential flaws and underappreciated sources of uncertainty in global excess death calculations. Adjusting for changing population age structure is essential. Otherwise, excess deaths are markedly overestimated in countries with increasingly aging populations. Adjusting for changes in other high‐risk indicators, such as residence in long‐term facilities, may also make a difference. Death registration is highly incomplete in most countries; completeness corrections should allow for substantial uncertainty and consider that completeness may have changed during pandemic years. Excess death estimates have high sensitivity to modelling choice. Therefore different options should be considered and the full range of results should be shown for different choices of pre‐pandemic reference periods and imposed models. Any post‐modelling corrections in specific countries should be guided by pre‐specified rules. Modelling of all‐cause mortality (ACM) in countries that have ACM data and extrapolating these models to other countries is precarious; models may lack transportability. Existing global excess death estimates underestimate the overall uncertainty that is multiplicative across diverse sources of uncertainty. Informative excess death estimates require risk stratification, including age groups and ethnic/racial strata. Data to‐date suggest a death deficit among children during the pandemic and marked socioeconomic differences in deaths, widening inequalities. Finally, causal explanations require great caution in disentangling SARS‐CoV‐2 deaths, indirect pandemic effects and effects from measures taken. We conclude that excess deaths have many uncertainties, but globally deaths from SARS‐CoV‐2 may be the minority of calculated excess deaths.

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Age and COVID-19 mortality in the United States: a comparison of the prison and general population

Cited by 9 publications

References 29 publications

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on people experiencing incarceration: a systematic review

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on people experiencing incarceration: a systematic review

Covid-19 in US jails and prisons: implications for the next public health crisis

Flaws and uncertainties in pandemic global excess death calculations

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