Age and gender specific prevalence of HTLV-1

Eshima, Nobuoki; Iwata, Osuke; Iwata, Sachiko; Tabata, Masaaki; Higuchi, Yasunori; Matsuishi, Toyojiro; Karukaya, Shigeru

doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2009.03.012

Cited by 33 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…In a recent study in Japan, however, the seroprevalence of HTLV in adolescents indicated that HTLV-1 infection is more common in males until the age of 20 years, after which sexual transmission from men to women becomes more likely, suggesting that transmission is more common from mother to son [35]. In the present study, the infection rates were similar in sons and daughters, while the number of positive cases increased significantly with age in children of both sexes.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 65%

Familial Transmission of Human T-cell Lymphotrophic Virus: Silent Dissemination of an Emerging but Neglected Infection

Costa

Furtado²,

Ferreira³

et al. 2013

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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BackgroundHTLV-1 is a retrovirus that causes lymphoproliferative disorders and inflammatory and degenerative diseases of the central nervous system in humans. The prevalence of this infection is high in parts of Brazil and there is a general lack of public health care programs. As a consequence, official data on the transmission routes of this virus are scarce.ObjectiveTo demonstrate familial aggregation of HTLV infections in the metropolitan region of Belém, Pará, Brazil.MethodA cross-sectional study involving 85 HTLV carriers treated at an outpatient clinic and other family members. The subjects were tested by ELISA and molecular methods between February 2007 and December 2010.ResultsThe prevalence of HTLV was 43.5% (37/85) for families and 25.6% (58/227) for the family members tested (95% CI: 1.33 to 3.79, P = 0.0033). Sexual and vertical transmission was likely in 38.3% (23/60) and 20.4% (29/142) of pairs, respectively (95% CI: 1.25 to 4.69, P = 0.0130). Positivity was 51.3% (20/39) and 14.3% (3/21) in wives and husbands, respectively (95% CI: 0.04 to 0.63, P = 0.0057). By age group, seropositivity was 8.0% (7/88) in subjects <30 years of age and 36.7% (51/139) in those of over 30 years (95% CI: 0.06 to 0.34, P<0.0001). Positivity was 24.1% (7/29) in the children of patients infected with HTLV-2, as against only 5.8% (4/69) of those infected with HTLV-1 (95% CI: 0.05 to 0.72, P = 0.0143).ConclusionThe results of this study indicate the existence of familial aggregations of HTLV characterized by a higher prevalence of infection among wives and subjects older than 30 years. Horizontal transmission between spouses was more frequent than vertical transmission. The higher rate of infection in children of HTLV-2 carriers suggests an increase in the prevalence of this virus type in the metropolitan region of Belém.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 65%

Familial Transmission of Human T-cell Lymphotrophic Virus: Silent Dissemination of an Emerging but Neglected Infection

Costa

Furtado²,

Ferreira³

et al. 2013

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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“…We observed a smaller proportion of transmission among the children whose mothers were advised not to breastfeed and to give the infant formula instead, as previously reported in literature, especially in Japan [9]. Although our numbers were not large, there was a predominance of females, which coincides with prior reports [16].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Vertical Transmission of Human T-Cell Lymphothropic Virus Type 1: Impact of Counseling Seropositive Women

Ms¹,

Cf²,

G³

et al. 2014

Trop Med Surg

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Objective: Although HTLV-1 is associated with severe diseases, there is ongoing vertical transmission since prenatal HTLV screening is not implemented in countries where the virus is present. We performed a cross-sectional analysis to verify the impact of counseling pregnant HTLV-1 seropositive women, who participate in the GIPH cohort study in Brazil, on this vertical transmission.Methods: GIPH study started in 1997 as an open prevalent cohort of HTLV-positive individuals. Children born from HTLV-1 seropositive women were divided into: (1) born before and (2) after the participation of mothers in the GIPH cohort ("GIPH babies"). The pregnant women participating in the study were counseled in order to prevent viral transmission, with recommendations of avoiding breastfeeding, giving infant formula, and preferably having the delivery by cesarean section. Results:We identified 54 children born of HTLV seropositive mothers. 3/21 (14.3%) of the children born from mothers who received no counseling were found positive for HTLV-1, in contrast to 1/18 (5.6%) of the "GIPH babies", whose mothers received counseling. 15 children were not tested, either due to the family's refusal or impossibility to locate them. Discussion:We found that it was worthwhile to counsel the mothers, since, as previously reported in the literature, we could observe a decline in the vertical transmission, which demonstrates the importance of prenatal screening of the virus. These actions should be widespread in countries where HTLV is present, in order to avoid the silent transmission of HTLV and future diseases in children born from positive mothers.

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“…The authors recently demonstrated that for influenza (H1N1) 2009 and seasonal influenza, the reported morbidity rate for males under twenty years old was statistically higher than that for females, while the relationship was reversed in adulthood [10]. Similar male predominance early in life and reversal at later ages were observed in human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) infection from blood donor data [11]. Thomas and Hall described age-specific sex-related differences in the morbidity of herpes zoster in the US [12], while Wu showed the annual incidence rates of chickenpox by age-group and sex, as well as the relative risks between sexes, using a large-scale database in Taiwan [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Age-Specific Sex-Related Differences in Infections: A Statistical Analysis of National Surveillance Data in Japan

Eshima

Tokumaru

Hara³

et al. 2012

PLoS ONE

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BackgroundTo prevent and control infectious diseases, it is important to understand how sex and age influence morbidity rates, but consistent clear descriptions of differences in the reported incidence of infectious diseases in terms of sex and age are sparse.Methods and FindingsData from the Japanese surveillance system for infectious diseases from 2000 to 2009 were used in the analysis of seven viral and four bacterial infectious diseases with relatively large impact on the Japanese community. The male-to-female morbidity (MFM) ratios in different age groups were estimated to compare incidence rates of symptomatic reported infection between the sexes at different ages. MFM ratios were >1 for five viral infections out of seven in childhood, i.e. male children were more frequently reported as infected than females with pharyngoconjunctival fever, herpangina, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, mumps, and varicella. More males were also reported to be infected with erythema infectiosum and exanthema subitum, but only in children 1 year of age. By contrast, in adulthood the MFM ratios decreased to <1 for all of the viral infections above except varicella, i.e. adult women were more frequently reported to be infected than men. Sex- and age-related differences in reported morbidity were also documented for bacterial infections. Reported morbidity for enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection was higher in adult females and females were reportedly more infected with mycoplasma pneumonia than males in all age groups up to 70 years.ConclusionsSex-related differences in reported morbidity for viral and bacterial infections were documented among different age groups. Changes in MFM ratios with age may reflect differences between the sexes in underlying development processes, including those affecting the immune, endocrine, and reproductive systems, or differences in reporting rates.

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Age and gender specific prevalence of HTLV-1

Cited by 33 publications

References 40 publications

Familial Transmission of Human T-cell Lymphotrophic Virus: Silent Dissemination of an Emerging but Neglected Infection

Familial Transmission of Human T-cell Lymphotrophic Virus: Silent Dissemination of an Emerging but Neglected Infection

Vertical Transmission of Human T-Cell Lymphothropic Virus Type 1: Impact of Counseling Seropositive Women

Age-Specific Sex-Related Differences in Infections: A Statistical Analysis of National Surveillance Data in Japan

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