Age and race differences in racial stereotype awareness and endorsement

Abstract

Age and race differences in race stereotype awareness and endorsement were examined in 382 Black and White fourth, sixth, and eighth graders. Youth reported their own beliefs and their perceptions of adults’ beliefs about racial differences in ability in two domains: academics and sports. Children’s own endorsement of race stereotypes was highly correlated with their perceptions of adults’ race stereotypes. Blacks reported stronger traditional sports stereotypes than Whites, and fourth- and sixth-grade Blacks reported roughly egalitarian academic stereotypes. At every grade level, Whites reported academic stereotypes that favored Whites, and sixth and eighth grade Whites reported sports stereotypes that favored Blacks. Results support the tenets of status theory and have implications for identity development and achievement motivation in adolescents.

Ethnic Group Differences in Bullying Perpetration: A Meta‐Analysis

“…Research on cognitive social schemas on race and aggression suggests that African American students are rated as more aggressive because of popular social schemas or stereotypes (Clemans & Graber, ). Such perceptions may be associated with racial bias and various stereotypes of African Americans as delinquent, violent, and involved in gang or neighborhood crime (e.g., Copping, Kurtz‐Costes, Rowley, & Wood, ; McNulty & Bellair, ; Peguero & Williams, ; Sampson et al., ). Ethnic minority students in the United States, and specifically African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans are no more likely to be victimized by peers than European Americans (Vitoroulis & Vaillancourt, ).…”

Math and language gender stereotypes: Age and gender differences in implicit biases and explicit beliefs

“…Children belonging to low-status groups are more resistant to endorsing negative stereotypes and either downplay them or opt for egalitarian views instead. For instance, in two studies, boys and Whites endorsed traditional gender and race stereotypes regardless of whether those stereotypes favored their in-group, but girls and Black children were more selective, endorsing stereotypes that favored their in-group while denying stereotypes that portrayed their in-group negatively [18,19].…”

Mental Health Service Utilization among Black Youth; Psychosocial Determinants in a National Sample

“…The two groups also differ vastly in traditions [79,80]. In addition, socioeconomic status, life conditions under poverty and unsafe neighborhoods, history of systemic racism and discrimination, racial identity, and race consciousness are all specific to each ethnicity of Blacks [81,82,83]. …”