Age and Sex Differences in Motor Performance of 3 through 6 Year Old Children

Morris, Arlene M.; Williams, Jean; Atwater, Anne E.; Wilmore, Jack H.

doi:10.1080/02701367.1982.10609342

Cited by 82 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…During pre-school age, one can observe variation in physical activity between boys and girls. Young males prefer activities that require more energy and strength, while females are better at coping with motor skills based on balance and rhythm [21,22,26]. However, in our study comparing balance in boys and girls born at term and preterm, no difference was found in the ability to maintain balance control in the conditions of dynamic and static equilibrium according to gender.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 51%

“…Our research confirms the results of McEvoy and Grimmer [25], who found that in children aged 5-12, there is no relationship between gender and the extent of angular movement when standing. On the other hand, there are studies showing that sexual dimorphism affects the process of controlling body posture mainly during puberty [6,13,19,22,26,28,38].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Balance in children born prematurely currently aged 6–7

Dziuba

Drzał–Grabiec

Truszczyńska-Baszak

et al. 2017

Biomedical Human Kinetics

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SummaryStudy aim: Premature birth is one of the major problems of obstetrics, leading to numerous complications that are associated with prematurity, for instance balance disorders. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of premature birth on the ability to maintain balance in children commencing their school education. Material and methods:The study included children aged 6-7 years. The study group consisted of 59 children (31 girls and 28 boys, mean age 6.38 ± SD 0.73) born prematurely between 24 and 35 weeks of gestation. The control group consisted of 61 children (28 girls and 33 boys, mean age 6.42 ± 0.58) born at term. The research utilized standardized test tools -one-leg openeyed and closed-eyed standing test, one-leg jumping test -and an original questionnaire survey. Results: The children born at term achieved better results in the majority of tests. The comparison of girls and boys born prematurely and at term showed no statistically significant difference between them in terms of dynamic balance, static balance or total balance control. The comparison of the tests performed on the right and left lower limb in prematurely born children showed no statistically significant differences. Conclusion: Premature birth affects the ability to maintain body balance. The results of the study indicate the need to develop coordination skills that shape body balance in prematurely born children.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 51%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Balance in children born prematurely currently aged 6–7

Dziuba

Drzał–Grabiec

Truszczyńska-Baszak

et al. 2017

Biomedical Human Kinetics

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“…Although there has been evidence in the research literature for over half a century of sex differences in motor ability (Gutteridge 1939;Morris et al 1982;Thomas and French 1985), this has been largely ignored in the development of motor assessment tools for young children. In 1976, Touwen identified 'appreciable' differences between boys and girls in terms of the development of their motor milestones in infancy.…”

Section: Sex Differences In Motor Abilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Motor Functioning in the Preschool Period

2012

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“…The process of children's motor development is depending on internal and external factors such as family's social-economic status (Mongraw-Chaffin et al) (Lammle, Worth, & Bos, 2012), parent's educational level (Cools, De Martelaer, Samaey, & Andries, 2011), gender (Greendorfer, 1980) and age (Morris, Williams, Atwater, & Wilmore, 1982). But in general without a sufficient degree of movement, the necessary stimuli for the development are missing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of a kindergarten-based, family-involved intervention on motor performance ability in 3- to 6-year-old children: the ToyBox-study

Birnbaum

Geyer

Kirchberg

et al. 2016

Journal of Sports Sciences

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This study aimed to examine the effect of the ToyBox-intervention, a kindergarten-based, family-involved intervention on different components of motor performance ability in children aged 3 to 6 years. We also assessed the influence of demographic and anthropometric, social and behavioural factors on effects of the intervention. The intervention and control were cluster-randomized (2:1 ratio) and children's anthropometry and two motor test items covering coordination (jumping from side to side, JSS) and strength (standing long jump, SLJ) were assessed before and after the intervention over one year. 1,293 children with different socio-economic status from 45 kindergartens in Germany were included (intervention, n=863; control, n=430). The intervention group showed a better improvement in JSS over time (P=0.01) and tended to improve better in SLJ (P=0.08). The intervention was more effective in boys than in girls with respect to SLJ (P=0.01). Children aged <4.5 years did not show a significant benefit of the intervention while older children improved (SLJ, P=0.004; JSS, P=0.04). The subgroup of children with low SES improved in JSS (P=0.0001) whether no significant changes were detectable in the subgroups with medium and high SES. The ToyBox-intervention improved specific components of motor performance ability in early childhood. Future programs should consider specific targeting of subgroups based on gender, age and SES.

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Age and Sex Differences in Motor Performance of 3 through 6 Year Old Children

Cited by 82 publications

References 4 publications

Balance in children born prematurely currently aged 6–7

Balance in children born prematurely currently aged 6–7

Assessment of Motor Functioning in the Preschool Period

Effects of a kindergarten-based, family-involved intervention on motor performance ability in 3- to 6-year-old children: the ToyBox-study

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