Age and sex-related changes in the structure and strength of the human femoral shaft

Martin, R. Bruce; Atkinson, Peter J.

doi:10.1016/0021-9290(77)90045-8

Cited by 243 publications

(127 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In our study, contrary to several findings in the literature, subperiosteal area and moment of inertia decreased with age in men. Decreasing trends for polar moment of inertia were previously reported for women 10,13 as well as for men above the age of 80 years. 11 In this study, the normalization of the data by body mass and height resulted in the loss of significant negative correlation of these parameters with age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…It has been hypothesized in several studies that subperiosteal apposition occurs with age to compensate for cortical thinning and endosteal resorption [9][10][11][12][13][14] in men. Some of these studies employed normalization of the geometric properties by height, body mass, or bone length.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[2][3][4][5][6] In particular, it has been shown that, similar to cross-sectional parameters, [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] microstructural parameters exhibit age-related changes and affect the propensity of bone to fracture. 2 These observations suggest that age-related changes in geometrical and microstructural properties may interact with each other and have a combined effect on bone fractures, however, the level of interaction is unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interactions between microstructural and geometrical adaptation in human cortical bone

Ural

Vashishth

2006

J. Orthop. Res.

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With aging and in disease, the changes in bone microstructure and geometry influence the mechanical properties of cortical bone, however, the level of interaction between the two is not known. Here, we investigate the interaction between the changes in microstructural and geometrical properties of the aging male tibia in proximal and distal middiaphysis. The microstructural measurements include variables related to the size and density of osteons and intracortical porosity. The macroscopic geometrical properties include variables related to bone surfaces (periosteal and endosteal) and cross section (area, moment of inertia). Site-specific correlations were found between the microstructural and geometrical properties along the bone length and at different bone surfaces. In contrast to the proximal middiaphysis of male tibia, where no correlation existed, significant (p < 0.05) correlations were found in the distal middiaphysis of tibia. The changes in parameters partially related to bone formation in the cortex, including the osteonal area, showed positive correlations with an increase in the periosteal diameter. Similarly, parameters related to bone resorption and/or failed formation in the cortex, including porosity and pore size, showed significant correlations with cortical thinning. These findings support the concept that, with aging, anabolic and catabolic responses in the human tibia at microstructural and macrostructural levels are spatially related and site specific. ß

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interactions between microstructural and geometrical adaptation in human cortical bone

Ural

Vashishth

2006

J. Orthop. Res.

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“…The outer diameter of the femoral shaft becomes larger in elderly individuals (Martin and Atkinson, 1977;Ruff and Hayes, 1982), so the second moments of area and the polar second moment of area become larger in the elderly (Ruff, 1992; Kimura, 1994). Greater geometrical robustness will compensate for the weakening of bone substance along with aging (Ruff, 1992;Pearson and Lieberman, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Robustness of the whole Jomon femur shaft assessed by cross-sectional geometry

Kimura

2006

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Cross-sectional geometry of ancient Jomon femora were analyzed along the whole shaft by means of computed tomography. Comparisons were made with modern Japanese (from the same geographical area as the Jomon people) and recent Germans (of larger body size and from a geographical area distant from Japan). Jomon male femora were significantly larger than those of modern Japanese males along the whole shaft length in cross-sectional area (A), polar second moment of area (Ip), second moment of area around the mediolateral direction (Ix), maximum second moment of area (Imax), and cross-sectional index of radii of gyration (kx/ky). These parameters were about the same magnitude in the Jomon males, as in the German males whose size was large, except for the second moment of area around the anteroposterior direction (Iy), which was smaller in the Jomon bones. Female Jomon femora showed the same tendency but only at the middle part of the shaft. There were allometric correlations between bone length and the geometrical properties. In order to eliminate the influence of size, relative dimensionless properties were calculated by dividing each parameter by an analogue of length, namely A was divided by maximum length squared, and Ip, Ix, Iy, Imax, and Imin were divided by the fourth power of the maximum length. The German femora of both sexes were smaller than those of the Jomon in relative area, relative Ix, and relative Ip. Male Jomon femora contained a large volume of bone substance and were robust against bending moments especially in the anteroposterior direction along the whole shaft when comparison was made with other modern or recent groups. These characteristics are less definitive with female bones. They were caused as a functional adaptation for sedentary gatherer-hunters.

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“…At present, most evaluations of change in bone size in humans are small and cross-sectional and are subject to limited power and cohort effects, 69,77,106,107 but some longitudinal studies support the increase in bone size with age. 12,13,69 Mechanical events have usually been assumed to underlie the observation that bone size can increase in adults.…”

Section: Periosteal Bone Formation In Adulthoodmentioning

confidence: 99%