Age-Associated Changes in Skeletal Muscle Regeneration: Effect of Exercise

Abstract

Aim of the present short review is to provide a comprehensive update on age-associated skeletal muscle damage, regeneration, and effect of endurance and resistance type of exercise training on muscle regeneration. Decrease in muscle quantity and quality leads to disability in the aging population. The degradation rate of muscle proteins during aging increased about two times, and muscle strength and motor activity decreased at the same time. Aging induced sarcopenia is a result of decreased synthesis and increased degradation of muscle proteins, which leads to the slower turnover rate of these proteins, especially contractile proteins, and this, in turn, leads to the decrease in muscle strength. Muscle damage is mainly caused by excessive strain in contracting fibre and aging muscle is particularly sensitive to it. The decreased synthesis and increased degradation rate of contractile proteins are in accordance with the increase destructive processes in muscle and lead to the decrease in the regeneration capacity and development of sarcopenia in the elderly. Exercise training increases muscle mass, oxidative capacity, contracile quality, regeneration capacity and via this, physiological functioning of skeletal muscle is improved in the elderly.

The Effect of One Circuit Training Session on the Serum Levels of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 in the Elderly

“…BDNF and IGF-1 are positive correlates of neurobiological adaptations that can be achieved through exercise and cognitive training [5,8]. BDNF concentrations change with increased age.…”

“…can have a protective effect even if initiated after midlife [2,3,5]. Physical activity can affect brain functions, including recognition, learning and memory [7] .…”