Age-associated changes in skeletal muscles and their effect on mobility: an operational diagnosis of sarcopenia

Lauretani, Fulvio; Russo, Cosimo Roberto; Bandinelli, Stefania; Bartali, Benedetta; Cavazzini, Chiara; Iorio, Angelo Di; Corsi, A.; Rantanen, Taina; Guralnik, Jack M.; Ferrucci, Luigi

doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00246.2003

Cited by 1,624 publications

(1,404 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…To generate strength, other factors such as cardiovascular function, joint function, and neural control are involved (McCully and Posner 1995;Karttunen et al 2011;Hyatt et al 1990). Furthermore, muscle strength can be underestimated due to pain (Lauretani et al 2003;Rolland et al 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The onset of age-related loss of muscle mass occurs as early as 30 years of age, with a decrease of 1 to 2 % after the age of 50 years and results in a loss of over 50 % by the age of 80 years (Baumgartner et al 1998;Lauretani et al 2003). During the last two decades, several diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia have been proposed, which can be categorized into measures of relative muscle mass (defined as total or appendicular lean mass (ALM) as percentage of body mass), absolute muscle mass (defined as ALM corrected for height (ALM/height squared) or total lean mass), muscle strength, walking speed, or a combination of criteria (Cruz-Jentoft et al 2010;Fielding et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia and physical performance

Bijlsma

Meskers

Eshof

et al. 2013

AGE

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Relative and absolute muscle mass and muscle strength are used as diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia. We aimed to assess which diagnostic criteria are most associated with physical performance in 180 young (18-30 years) and 281 healthy old participants (69-81 years) of the European study MYOAGE. Diagnostic criteria included relative muscle mass (total or appendicular lean mass (ALM) as percentage of body mass), absolute muscle mass (ALM/height squared and total lean mass), knee extension torque, and handgrip strength. Physical performance comprised walking speed, Timed Up and Go test (TUG), and in a subgroup physical fitness. Diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia and physical performance were standardized, and the associations were analyzed using linear regression models stratified by age category, with adjustments for age, gender, and country. In old participants, relative muscle mass was associated with faster walking speed, faster TUG, and higher physical fitness (all p<0.001). Absolute muscle mass was not associated with physical AGE (2014) performance. Knee extension torque and handgrip strength were associated with faster walking speed (both p≤0.003). Knee extension torque was associated with TUG (p=0.001). Knee extension torque and handgrip strength were not associated with physical fitness. In young participants, there were no significant associations between diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia and physical performance, except for a positive association between relative muscle mass and physical fitness (p<0.001). Relative muscle mass, defined as lean mass or ALM percentage, was most associated with physical performance. Absolute muscle mass including ALM/height squared was not associated with physical performance. This should be accounted for when defining sarcopenia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia and physical performance

Bijlsma

Meskers

Eshof

et al. 2013

AGE

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Several researchers have started to include measures of muscle quality to determine sarcopenia. For example, Lauretani et al (14) investigated knee extension isometric torque, handgrip, lower extremity muscle power, and calf muscle area in relationship to poor mobility in the InCHIANTI study. Sarcopenia cutpoints were developed in the participants aged 20-29 years.…”

Section: Definitions Of Sarcopeniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a definition of sarcopenia — results from epidemiologic studies

Visser

2009

The Journal of nutrition, health and aging

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IntroductionThe term sarcopenia, indicating the age-related loss of muscle mass, was first introduced by Dr. I.H. Rosenberg (1). This loss of muscle mass with aging is hypothesized to have negative consequences for health and physical functioning in old age (2). To investigate the prevalence of sarcopenia and its impact on health and functioning in old age, and to diagnose sarcopenia in clinical practice, a definition should be available. Several definitions have been developed and described in the literature. The usefullness of these definitions is generally tested by investigating the association between sarcopenia and (change in) physical functioning. It is important to realize that most of these definitions include a cutpoint for low muscle mass, not loss of muscle mass. Currently, there is no consensus on the definition of sarcopenia. In this brief review several proposed definitions of sarcopenia will be described and potential advantages and disavantages will be discussed. Definitions of sarcopeniaBaumgartner and collegues were the first to develop a definition of sarcopenia (3). Based on studies showing that the amount of appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM) could be estimated by using the bone-free, fat-free mass of the arms and legs as assessed with whole body dual-photon absorptiometry or dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA,4,5), the definition was created using ASMM. Furthermore, analogous to the body mass index, the ASMM was devided by height squared to adjust for the strong association between body height and ASMM. To define the cutpoints for low ASMM an approach similar to that of osteoporosis was taken. Older persons with a ASMM less than two standard deviations from the mean of a young reference population were considered sarcopenic. DXA data from a young (aged 18-40 years) volunteer sample of 229 non-Hispanic white men and women participating in the Rosetta Stone study (6) were used to determine the sarcopenia cutpoints. The developed cutpoints were 7.26 kg/m2 for men and 5.45 kg/m2 for women (3). Although these cutpoints are limited by the fact that the young reference group was a volunteer sample and might not have been representative for young US men and women (it was actually the first young sample with available DXA measurements) they are widely being used in sarcopenia research. Using the same approach, sarcopenia cutpoints have recently been developed for Asian persons (7).The Baumgartner cutpoints for sarcopenia were first applied to the New Mexico Elder Health Survey in which ASMM was predicted using an equation including sex, body weight, body height, hip circumference and grip strength (3). After adjustment for age, income, ethnicity, obesity, comorbidity, current smoking, physical activity and alcohol intake, sarcopenic men and women were more likely to have 3 physical disabilities. In men, but not in women, sarcopenia was also associated with >1 balance abnormality, the use of a cane or walker, and falling in the past year.A second definition of sarcopenia was developed by Ja...

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“…Sarcopenia is associated with physical disability in old age Rolland et al 2008;Cawthon et al 2007;Laurentani et al 2003;Topinkova 2008;Roubenoff 2003;Morley et al 2001;Delmonico et al 2007;Goodpaster et al 2006;Janssen et al 2002), although the definition of sarcopenia is still being debated in the literature. Conventionally, the definition of sarcopenia has adopted the method in osteoporosis, taking the two standard deviations below the mean of the young reference population as the cutoff for diagnosis (Baumgartner et al 1998;Melton et al 2000;Rolland et al 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adiposity to muscle ratio predicts incident physical limitation in a cohort of 3,153 older adults—an alternative measurement of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity

Auyeung

Lee

Leung

et al. 2012

AGE

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Conventionally, sarcopenia is defined by muscle mass and physical performance. We hypothesized that the disability caused by sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity was related to the amount of adiposity or body weight bearing on a unit of muscle mass, or the adiposity to muscle ratio. We therefore examined whether this ratio could predict physical limitation by secondary analysis of the data in our previous study. We recruited 3,153 communitydwelling adults aged >65 years and their body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Assessment of physical limitation was undertaken 4 years later. The relationship between baseline adiposity to muscle ratio and incident physical limitation was examined by logistic regression. In men, the adiposity to muscle ratios, namely total body fat to lower-limb muscle mass, total body fat to fatfree mass (FFM), and body weight to FFM, were predictive of physical limitation before and after adjustment for the covariates: age, Mini-mental Status Examination score, Geriatric Depression Scale score >8, and the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart disease, and stroke (all p values<0.001), when the total body fat to lower-limb muscle mass ratio was greater than or equal to 0.75. In women, throughout the entire range of that ratio, all three adiposity to muscle ratios were associated with physical limitation 4 years later both before and after adjustment for the same set of covariates (all p values<0.05). Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity as measured by the body weight or adiposity bearing on a unit of muscle mass (the adiposity to muscle ratio) could predict incident or worsening physical limitation in older women across the entire range of the total body fat to lower-limb muscle mass ratio; and in older men when this ratio was equal to or greater than 0.75.

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Age-associated changes in skeletal muscles and their effect on mobility: an operational diagnosis of sarcopenia

Cited by 1,624 publications

References 35 publications

Diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia and physical performance

Diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia and physical performance

Towards a definition of sarcopenia — results from epidemiologic studies

Adiposity to muscle ratio predicts incident physical limitation in a cohort of 3,153 older adults—an alternative measurement of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity

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