Age-Dependent Changes in Bone Architecture, Patterning, and Biomechanics During Skeletal Regeneration

Abstract

Mouse digit amputation provides a useful model of bone growth after injury, in that the injury promotes intramembranous bone formation in an adult animal. The digit tip is composed of skin, nerves, blood vessels, bones, and tendons, all of which regenerate after digit tip amputation, making it a powerful model for multi-tissue regeneration. Bone integrity relies upon a balanced remodeling between bone resorption and formation, which, when disrupted, results in changes to bone architecture and biomechanics, particularly during aging. In this study, we used recently developed techniques to evaluate bone patterning differences between young and aged regenerated bone. This analysis suggests that aged mice have altered trabecular spacing and patterning and increased mineral density of the regenerated bone. To further characterize the biomechanics of regenerated bone, we measured elasticity using a micro-computed tomography image-processing method combined with nanoindentation. This analysis suggests that the regenerated bone demonstrates decreased elasticity compared with the uninjured bone, but there is no significant difference in elasticity between aged and young regenerated bone. These data highlight distinct architectural and biomechanical differences in regenerated bone in both young and aged mice and provide a new analysis tool for the digit amputation model to aid in evaluating the outcomes for potential therapeutic treatments to promote regeneration.

Microcomputed tomography staging of bone histolysis in the regenerating mouse digit

“…In addition, anatomical staging of the bone stump is a method to identify the timing of wound closure. Thus, while micro CT analysis has long been utilised to investigate P3 bone regeneration, 11,13–17,22–26,30–34 the current study demonstrates that visualising the bone via micro CT staging also provides a means to infer the state of the radiolucent soft tissue (e.g. cell proliferation and wound closure).…”

Tissue-Engineered Nanomaterials Play Diverse Roles in Bone Injury Repair

“…Overall, the human skeletal system comprises trabecular and cortical bones in a ratio of ~4:1. However, the ratios differ according to functional and stress requirements [10].…”

“…Spongy, porous, hard and soft tissues mainly comprise trabecular bone that is encased in cortical bone. Trabeculae are needle-like or irregularly thin, rod-shaped layers of parallel bone plates (Figure 2b) [10]. The texture of trabecular tissue is that of a bone meshwork with many interconnecting spaces containing marrow, nerves, and blood vessels [14].…”