Age-dependent development and clinical characteristics of an experimental parrot bornavirus-4 (PaBV-4) infection in cockatiels (<i>Nymphicus hollandicus</i>)

Gartner, Anna Maria; Link, Jessica; Bücking, Bianca; Enderlein, Dirk; Herzog, S.; Petzold, Jana; Malberg, Sara; Herden, Christiane; Lierz, Michael

doi:10.1080/03079457.2020.1852177

Cited by 16 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…This is supported, for instance, by the fact that birds treated with cyclosporin become infected but do not develop clinical signs [46]. A recent article has shown that hatchling cockatiels infected with PaBV-4 became readily infected and developed encephalitis but no clinical signs, as opposed to older birds which developed both severe encephalitis and clinical signs [20]. These ndings are very similar to what is reported in our study, and suggest that infection of ducklings with an immune system that is not fully developed [48] may promote immune-tolerance and a carrier state [20].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent article has shown that hatchling cockatiels infected with PaBV-4 became readily infected and developed encephalitis but no clinical signs, as opposed to older birds which developed both severe encephalitis and clinical signs [20]. These ndings are very similar to what is reported in our study, and suggest that infection of ducklings with an immune system that is not fully developed [48] may promote immune-tolerance and a carrier state [20]. Nonetheless, despite the ducklings being infected at a very young age, birds from the IC and IM groups seroconverted against ABBV-1, indicating that a humoral immune response against the virus developed, as also suggested by the in ammatory lesions in the CNS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experimental infection and / or PDD-like disease have been successfully reproduced by inoculating parrot bornaviruses (PaBVs) into cockatiels [19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27] and conures [28], and canary bornaviruses (CaBVs) into canaries [27,29]. To date, however, there is no data regarding the ability of ABBV to experimentally infect waterfowl species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pathogenesis of Aquatic Bird Bornavirus in Muscovy Ducks

Iverson

Leacy

Pham

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Aquatic bird bornavirus (ABBV), a type of avian bornavirus, has been associated with inflammation of the central and peripheral nervous systems and neurological disease in wild waterfowl in North America and Europe. The potential of ABBV to infect and cause lesions in commercial waterfowl species is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of ABBV to infect and cause disease in day-old Muscovy ducks (n = 174), selected as a representative domestic waterfowl. Ducklings became infected with ABBV through both intracranial and intramuscular infection routes: upon intramuscular infection, the virus spread centripetally to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), while intracranial infection led to virus spread to the spinal cord, kidneys, proventriculus, and gonads (centrifugal spread). Infected birds developed both encephalitis and myelitis by 4 weeks post infection (wpi), which progressively subsided by 8 and 12 wpi. Despite development of microscopic lesions, clinical signs were not observed. Only five birds had choanal and/or cloacal swabs positive for ABBV, suggesting a moderate potential of Muscovy ducks to shed the virus. This is the first study to document the pathogenesis of ABBV in poultry species, and confirms the ability of ABBV to infect commercial waterfowl.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pathogenesis of Aquatic Bird Bornavirus in Muscovy Ducks

Iverson

Leacy

Pham

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…Age may have also played a role, as infections at a very early age may have led to immune tolerance, limiting the development of a cytotoxic T cell response. In a recent study, mature cockatiels infected with PaBV-4 developed encephalitis and clinical signs, while younger birds developed only in ammatory lesions but no clinical signs (Gartner et al, 2021). However, it remains unclear how immunotolerant birds could seroconvert, albeit limitedly.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenesis of Aquatic Bird Bornavirus 1 in Domestic Chickens

Iverson

Leacy

Pham

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Aquatic bird bornavirus 1 (ABBV-1), classified in the Orthobornavirus genus, is a neurotropic virus that infects wild waterfowl causing persistent infection of the nervous system. Given the conspicuous presence of wild waterfowl in urban areas and farmlands, spillover of this virus into domesticated poultry species is a concern. The goal of this study was to test the ability of ABBV-1 to infect and cause disease in chickens. Two-day-old, White Leghorn chickens (n, 176) were inoculated with ABBV-1 through the oral, intramuscular, or intracranial routes, and sampled at 1, 4, 8, and 12-weeks post infection (wpi) to assess virus replication and lesion development. Chickens became infected only through the intracranial and intramuscular routes, developing earliest infection in the brain by 1 wpi (intracranial group), and spinal cord by 8 wpi (intramuscular group). Except for the kidney of one bird in the intracranial group, no other tissues (including choanal and cloacal swabs) tested positive for the virus. Therefore, while the virus reached the central nervous tissue (CNS) from the muscle (centripetal spread), it inefficiently reached peripheral sites after replication in the CNS (centrifugal spread). Inflammation in the CNS was observed in the intracranial and intramuscular groups starting at 8 and 12 wpi, respectively, and consisted of mononuclear perivascular cuffing. This is the first study to document the pathogenesis of ABBV-1 in chickens, and indicates that this species is permissive to ABBV-1 infection, although less extensively than what is observed in waterfowl. This suggests that ABBV-1 replication is partially restricted in gallinaceous birds.

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“…In this study, through the investigation of virus outbreaks in breeding facilities in Japan, we revealed that PaBV-4 became highly prevalent once the virus established in closed facilities. It takes 1-2 months to develop symptoms after PaBV infection (32)(33)(34), resulting in the silent spread of the virus in facilities. Since parrot breeding is expensive and time consuming, infected birds in facilities are isolated but not euthanized.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ban on wild bird importation accelerated the spread of global viral outbreaks in parrots

Komorizono

Aihara

Fujiwara

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Since the isolation of the first parrot bornavirus (PaBV), which causes slow-onset, fatal neurological disease in various parrot species, in the United States in 2008, PaBVs have spread rapidly worldwide; however, the reason remains unknown. In this study, we show that the most dominant lethal genotype, PaBV-4, spread via the global trade of captive birds. Analyses of traded parrot numbers in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) database and PaBV-4 phylodynamics suggested that the ban of wild imported birds in the European Union (EU) in 2007 facilitated the international trade of captive parrots, which resulted in an increase in the effective population size of PaBV-4. This change coincided with a historical PaBV-4 epidemic. These data suggest that due to the low transmission efficiency and long incubation period of PaBV-4, the majority of PaBV-4 transmission occurred in breeding facilities and the increased trade of captive parrots accelerated the global spread of PaBV-4 infection. Our results indicate that interventions for the protection of wild animals and prevention of infectious diseases may conversely cause epidemics of infectious diseases in the global system. Conservation of ecosystems requires not only the establishment of importation restrictions and maintenance of the diversity of wild animals but also the implementation of multifaceted management measures, such as quarantine policies and breeding control in captive animals.

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Age-dependent development and clinical characteristics of an experimental parrot bornavirus-4 (PaBV-4) infection in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus)

Cited by 16 publications

References 51 publications

Pathogenesis of Aquatic Bird Bornavirus in Muscovy Ducks

Pathogenesis of Aquatic Bird Bornavirus in Muscovy Ducks

Pathogenesis of Aquatic Bird Bornavirus 1 in Domestic Chickens

Ban on wild bird importation accelerated the spread of global viral outbreaks in parrots

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