Experimental data were collected to test whether the effect of estrogens required a direct action of the steroid on their target cells for induction of (i) cell multiplication and (ii) celltype-specific protein synthesis. Ovariectomized quails were perfused for 24 hr with several doses of estradiol-17.8 (E2) (0.05-6.8 ng/min) through either thejugular vein or the portal vein. E2 plasma concentrations increased progressively when the perfusion rate through thejugular vein was 0.5 ng/min and higher. With the portal vein, by contrast, E2 plasma concentrations increased over the concentration in unperfused ovariectomized animals only when the perfusion rate was above 2 ng/min. An increase in DNA concentration per oviduct was observed regardless of the route of administration and the rate of perfusion, starting at 0.5 ng/min. Nuclear estrophilins increased when E2 was perfused through the jugular vein at rates of 0.5 ng/min or greater. This same parameter was not increased in oviducts of quail perfused through the portal vein even at a perfusion rate of 2.0 ng/min. Progestophilins were induced in the oviducts of quail perfused through thejugular vein at rates of 2 ng/min and above; on the other hand, progestophilins were induced in birds perfused through the portal vein at rates above 2 ng/min. Ovalbumin was not induced in quail oviducts at any rate and route of perfusion. The induction of the synthesis of cell-type-specific protein (progestophilins, in this case) seems to require, however, the direct action of E2. The E2 concentrations effecting the induction of progestophilins were higher than those necessary to effect the proliferation of oviduct cells. These results suggest that the E2 effect on cell proliferation is indirect, it involves an intermediary step at the liver, and it does not require increased concentration of nuclear estrophilins.An extensive literature regarding the mechanism of estrogen action in the oviduct of birds is available (1-4). The central argument postulated for mammals by Jensen's group and later extended to birds and other phyla suggests that the full response of these target tissues to the administration of estrogen is direct, regardless of the parameter measured (5,6). Among the many markers that have been linked to this putatively direct effect, the more thoroughly studied are (i) the induction of certain proteins [ovalbumin, prolactin, creatine kinase, progesterone receptors (progestophilins), and others] (7-15), (ii) the inhibition of the synthesis of gonadotropins and other cell proteins (16,17), and (iii) the proliferative response of the uterus (18)(19)(20), vagina (21), mammary glands (22), bird oviduct (23, 24), and a number of estrogen-sensitive tumors (25) and cultured cell lines (13)(14)(15)(26)(27)(28).Despite the abundant bibliography on these subjects, whether the effect of estrogens on cell multiplication is exerted through a direct or indirect pathway remains a controversial subject (21,22,(28)(29)(30). The latter possibility implies that at least one interme...