Age Differences in Explicit and Implicit Age Attitudes Across the Life Span

Chopik, William J.; Giasson, Hannah L.

doi:10.1093/geront/gnx058

Cited by 65 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…However, on the implicit measure there was no difference in age, suggesting that the association between older adults and low social status may be habitual and automatic while explicit measures may indicate a more controlled response. This discrepancy in implicit and explicit measures of attitudes is consistent with previous work on attitudes towards aging [23, 24]. …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Moreover, “cutting off reflected failure” [22] refers to the phenomenon that individuals tend to distance themselves from groups that are detrimental to their self-perception. Studies consistently demonstrate that older adults tend to show a strong implicit preference for young people [23] and for feeling younger [24, 25]. There is also evidence showing that individuals engage in downward social comparison with similarly aged others in order to maintain a positive self-view in the face of threatening circumstances across the life span [26].…”

Section: Contrast – Differentiating the Self From Societal Perceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rising above It: Status Ambivalence in Older Adults

Robertson¹,

Weiss²

2018

Gerontology

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Background: Social status is the standing of a person or group in the social hierarchy, and is perceived to change across the life span from low social status in early life, to peak in midlife, and to a decline thereafter. As threats to subjective social status are known to be detrimental to individuals’ health, it is important to better understand how older adults perceive themselves and others in terms of age-related social status. Objective: We examined status ambivalence – the potential discrepancy between how older adults’ perceive social status for themselves compared to older adults in general. Method: Study 1 used qualitative data from 37 semi-structured interviews with older adults to assess perceptions of social status. Study 2 used quantitative survey data from 114 older adults who completed explicit and implicit measures of social status. Results: Study 1 (n = 37, mean_age = 71.72, SD_age = 5.69; 81.1% women) provided preliminary evidence for status ambivalence such that older adults reported unequivocal low social status for other older adults but a more ambivalent perception of their own social status. Study 2 (n = 114, mean_age = 64.32, SD_age = 8.98, 57.9% women) compared implicit and explicit measures of social status revealing that older adults consistently perceive older adults to have low social status but again show a more ambivalent perception of their own social status. Conclusion: We discuss status ambivalence as a potential protective mechanism in the context of negative societal perceptions of age-related social status that may be important for well-being in later life.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Contrast – Differentiating the Self From Societal Perceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rising above It: Status Ambivalence in Older Adults

Robertson¹,

Weiss²

2018

Gerontology

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“…[39][40][41][42][43] Moreover, women had fewer negative attitudes toward the elderly in the studies reviewed. 44 with a sample of 704,151 participants, and by Bodner et al 45 with 955 participants, also found that men had more negative attitudes toward the elderly than women.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Other studies identified in the databases were conducted in developed regions. 31,32,44,45 In the United States, more than two million individuals answered the IAT between 2002 and…”

Section: Investigations Conducted By Chopik and Giassonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implicit attitudes toward the elderly among health professionals and undergraduate students in the health field: a systematic review

Maximiano-Barreto

Luchesi

Chagas

2019

Trends Psychiatry Psychother.

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Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Review ArticleResumo Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão sistemática de artigos publicados que avaliam atitudes implícitas em relação ao idoso de profissionais de saúde e estudantes de cursos de graduação da área da saúde. Método: A pesquisa foi realizada nos bancos de dados PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus e LILACS, buscando artigos relevantes publicados em inglês, português e espanhol. Foram utilizados os seguintes operadores booleanos: implicit attitude AND (elderly OR aged OR older people). Foram selecionados 7 artigos. Resultado: A maioria dos estudos selecionados foi realizada em países desenvolvidos e relatou uma atitude negativa em relação aos idosos. Indivíduos do sexo masculino apresentaram mais atitude negativa que os do sexo feminino. Conclusão: Os artigos analisados nesta revisão mostram que a atitude negativa em relação ao público idoso está implicitamente presente entre os profissionais e estudantes da área da saúde. Descritores: Atitude implícita; profissional da saúde; estudante da saúde; idoso. AbstractObjective: To perform a systematic review of articles evaluating implicit attitudes of health professionals and undergraduate students in the health field toward the elderly. Methods: The PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and LILACS databases were searched for relevant articles published in English, Portuguese and Spanish using the following search terms: implicit attitude AND (elderly OR aged OR older people). Seven articles were selected. Results: The majority of studies were conducted in developed countries and found negative attitudes toward the elderly, with males exhibiting more negative attitudes than females. Conclusion: The articles analyzed in this review demonstrate an implicitly negative attitude among professionals and students in the field of health toward the elderly.

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“…In fact, Nosek et al (2007) , who examined over 351,204 age IATs between 2000 and 2006 on the website http://implicit.harvard.edu/ , showed that older adults (60 and older) favored younger adults similarly strongly than did other age groups (grouped by decade from 10 to 50). Some studies ( Hummert et al, 2002 ; Chopik and Giasson, 2017 ) even found that implicitly measured preferences for young adults were highest among older adults. The stable implicit bias across different worker age groups is inconsistent with in-group bias as predicted by social identity theory ( Tajfel and Turner, 1979 ); however, it can be explained by the stereotype embodiment theory ( Levy, 2009 ) that suggests that age stereotypes are initially developed in early childhood through the exposition to such stereotypes by the cultural environment, which presumably is and was very similar for the study participants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implicit and Explicit Measurement of Work-Related Age Attitudes and Age Stereotypes

Kleissner

Jahn

2020

Front. Psychol.

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Age attitudes and age stereotypes in the workplace can lead to discrimination and impaired productivity. Previous studies have predominantly assessed age stereotypes with explicit measures. However, sole explicit measurement is insufficient because of social desirability and potential inaccessibility of stereotypical age evaluations to introspection. We aimed to advance the implicit and explicit assessment of work-related evaluations of age groups and age stereotypes and report data collected in three samples: students ( n = 50), older adults ( n = 53), and workers ( n = 93). Evaluative age attitudes were measured implicitly with an Implicit Association Test. Regardless of group, age, and condition (neutral or semantically biased stimuli), the results confirm a stable, moderate implicitly measurable preference for younger over older workers. Whereas explicit measures of general age preferences showed no clear age preference, differentiated explicit measures of work-related age stereotypes also revealed stable preferences in all three samples: Younger workers were rated higher on performance and adaptability and older workers were rated higher on competence, reliability, and warmth. The explicit-implicit correlations were relatively low. Although explicit work-related age stereotypes are differentiated, the stable implicitly measured age bias raises concern. We suggest to apply implicit and explicit measures in the field of ageism in the workplace.

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Age Differences in Explicit and Implicit Age Attitudes Across the Life Span

Cited by 65 publications

References 45 publications

Rising above It: Status Ambivalence in Older Adults

Rising above It: Status Ambivalence in Older Adults

Implicit attitudes toward the elderly among health professionals and undergraduate students in the health field: a systematic review

Implicit and Explicit Measurement of Work-Related Age Attitudes and Age Stereotypes

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