Age Effects on Blood Gas, Spirometry, Airway Reactivity, and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Cytology in Clinically Healthy Horses

Pacheco, A.P.; Paradis, Mary Rose; Hoffman, Andrew M.; Hermida, Paola Andrea Chinchilla; Sanchez, A.; Nadeau, Jenifer; Tufts, Mark; Mazan, Melissa R.

doi:10.1111/jvim.12318

Cited by 19 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…In the current study, horses averaged a tidal volume of 7.89 ± 1.43 L (mean ± stdev) and respiratory frequency of 12 bpm during eupnoeic respiration, which is similar to previous studies using ultrasound or Fleisch-type pneumotachometers [32–35], and slightly greater than values determined by respiratory inductance plethysmography and pneumotachography [25, 36]. In addition to differences due to technique, it is possible that equipment differences, such as mask volume and airflow resistance, or physiological differences between horses, such as age [36], use [35] or sub-clinical airway disease [34, 35], may influence values determined during pulmonary function testing.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…In addition to differences due to technique, it is possible that equipment differences, such as mask volume and airflow resistance, or physiological differences between horses, such as age [36], use [35] or sub-clinical airway disease [34, 35], may influence values determined during pulmonary function testing. Hyperpnoea induced by carbon dioxide rebreathing was investigated in the current study because previous studies have suggested that PFT during tidal breathing is insensitive for detection of subtle changes, such as those associated with IAD [14, 16, 17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reliability of breath by breath spirometry and relative flow-time indices for pulmonary function testing in horses

et al. 2016

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BackgroundRespiratory problems are common in horses, and are often diagnosed as a cause of poor athletic performance. Reliable, accurate and sensitive spirometric tests of airway function in resting horses would assist with the diagnosis of limitations to breathing and facilitate investigations of the effects of various treatments on breathing capacity. The evaluation of respiratory function in horses is challenging and suitable procedures are not widely available to equine practitioners. The determination of relative flow or flow-time measures is used in paediatric patients where compliance may limit conventional pulmonary function techniques. The aim of the current study was to characterise absolute and relative indices of respiratory function in healthy horses during eupnoea (tidal breathing) and carbon dioxide (CO2)-induced hyperpnoea (rebreathing) using a modified mask pneumotrachographic technique well suited to equine practice, and to evaluate the reliability of this technique over three consecutive days. Coefficients of variation, intra-class correlations, mean differences and 95% confidence intervals across all days of testing were established for each parameter.ResultsThe technique provided absolute measures of respiratory function (respiratory rate, tidal volume, peak inspiratory and expiratory flows, time to peak flow) consistent with previous studies and there was no significant effect of day on any measure of respiratory function. Variability of measurements was decreased during hyperpnea caused by rebreathing CO2, but a number of relative flow-time variables demonstrated good agreement during eupnoeic respiration.ConclusionsThe technique was well tolerated by horses and study findings suggest the technique is suitable for evaluation of respiratory function in horses. The use of relative flow-time variables provided reproducible (consistent) results, suggesting the technique may be of use for repeated measures studies in horses during tidal breathing or rebreathing.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0893-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliability of breath by breath spirometry and relative flow-time indices for pulmonary function testing in horses

et al. 2016

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“…In this study, regardless of the definition used to identify horses with a cytological diagnosis of IAD, the absence of AHR (50%) was more common than previously reported . Some caution, however, must be used in assessing the functional significance of abnormal BAL findings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…This phenomenon, whereby cytological evidence of airway inflammation does not correlate with bronchial hyper‐reactivity, has been reported in both horses and humans . Increased numbers of inflammatory cells in the airways of human athletes are not necessarily associated with any major clinical or functional alterations .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology and airway hyper‐reactivity in clinically normal horses

et al. 2018

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A direct association between cytological evidence of airway inflammation and AHR was not identified in this population of clinically normal horses. Determining the presence and measuring inflammatory cell mediators in BALF may more accurately reflect AHR. In addition, normal values for cell proportions in BALF may vary between different populations of horses and more appropriate regional reference ranges should be established.

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“…When BALF cytology using definition one (lower cut off percentages) was used a greater number of horses were considered abnormal, but their airway reactivity, as determined by PC 35, was similar to cytologically normal horses. This finding is similar to another study using the same definition and methodology for assessing airway hyperactivity in athletic horses, and is also consistent with studies of sedentary horses where BALF cytology was performed without a history of poor performance or overt respiratory tract signs . A contrasting study by Bedenice et al using the same methodology to measure AHR and airway cytology concluded that a relative mast cell percentage of > 2% was associated with AHR.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology and airway hyper‐reactivity in a population of Australian horses presented for poor performance

et al. 2019

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Objective To investigate the relationship between bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology, particularly mast cells, and airway hyper-reactivity in athletic horses presented for poor performance that included a respiratory tract evaluation in two disparate locations in Australia.Design Multi-centre, retrospective and prospective crosssectional studyMethods Eighty four adult horses underwent both pulmonary function testing and histamine bronchoprovocation with a commercial flowmetric plethysmography system. A bronchoalveolar lavage was performed four to twelve hours later. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology was categorised using two differing classification systems to define mild equine asthma. Statistical analysis was used to assess associations between bronchoalveolar lavage fluid relative inflammatory cell percentages, and airway hyper-reactivity and their associated categorisations.Results Sixty four percent (54/84) of horses displayed airway hyper-reactivity, as defined by PC 35 < 6 mg/ml of histamine. A relative mastocytosis was the most common bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytological abnormality. Horses with a sole mast cell response of ≥ 5% within their bronchoalveolar lavage fluid displayed airway hyper-reactivity at a lower dose of nebulized histamine than horses with normal bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology. Horses with mixed cell responses (relative mast cell percentage > 2% and/or relative neutrophil percentage > 5% and/or eosinophil relative cell percentage ≥ 1%) displayed airway hyperreactivity at a lower dose of nebulized histamine than horses with normal bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology. ConclusionIn the Australian context, recently revised increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology relative cell percentage cut offs appear appropriate for sole mast cell responses. The historical lower cut offs appear to be appropriate for mixed inflammatory cell responses.

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Age Effects on Blood Gas, Spirometry, Airway Reactivity, and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Cytology in Clinically Healthy Horses

Cited by 19 publications

References 34 publications

Reliability of breath by breath spirometry and relative flow-time indices for pulmonary function testing in horses

Reliability of breath by breath spirometry and relative flow-time indices for pulmonary function testing in horses

Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology and airway hyper‐reactivity in clinically normal horses

The relationship between bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology and airway hyper‐reactivity in a population of Australian horses presented for poor performance

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