Age Estimation from Radiographic Images of the Knee

Hackman, Lucina; Black, Sue

doi:10.1111/1556-4029.12077

Cited by 25 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The intent of this study was to add to previous work by Hackman and Black [33] by documenting the extent of variation present in developmental timings of the knee in young children. With the addition of this data, standard deviations used to calculate an estimated age range associated with each plate were reduced from a generalized 9.86 months for females to 2.5 or 5.2 months depending on the developmental time period of the child, and from a generalized 10.75 months for males to 2.3 or 7.0 months.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hackman and Black have recently rectified this issue by documenting variation observed in the hand and wrist, knee and foot and ankle when utilizing radiographic atlas techniques [32][33][34]. They report standard deviations ranging from 9.86 months (female knees) to 14.97 months (female hand and wrist) [33].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…They report standard deviations ranging from 9.86 months (female knees) to 14.97 months (female hand and wrist) [33]. If age estimations are to include plus and minus two standard deviations, the result is a predicted range that is nearly or over four years.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…While there is no doubt that the window of developmental variation is wide-ranging during the teenage years, can a tighter estimate be offered for infants and young children? The original standard deviations were calculated from a sample extremely limited in individuals younger than seven years, so does not reflect the more cohesive development that occurs during this time period [33].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The purpose of this study is to collect a large sample of radiographic images of the knee from children aged birth to six years to improve upon the original standard deviations offered by Hackman and Black [33]. This study aims to offer multiple standard deviations that are sex and general time period specific to allow increasingly narrow estimates as maturity levels decrease.…”

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Variability in developmental timings of the knee in young American children as assessed through Pyle and Hoerr’s radiographic atlas

2015

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This study examines the accuracy of the Pyle and Hoerr radiographic atlas technique in an effort to document the extent of normal variation associated with developmental timings in the knee for purposes of age estimation. The atlas has been previously tested; however, accuracy rates were produced from a dataset which spread in age from mostly 7 to 16 years. This study took a closer look at the younger age groups, examining radiographs from 297 children (147 females, 150 males) from birth to six years. Standard deviations representing the difference between skeletal age and chronological age were calculated according to two groupings. Each group represents episodes, or time periods, of differential developmental rates as expressed through the number of plates within the atlas dedicated to documenting each year of life. The beginning year of life is characterized by the most rapid of development as represented by the numerous image plates used to depict this time period. Individuals assigned to plates with a skeletal age between birth and one year were grouped collectively to document the variation associated with such rapidly changing morphology (SD=2.5 months in females; 2.3 months in males). Years one through to 3.8 years (females) and one through to 4.5 years (males) were represented by two or three images within the atlas and therefore individuals assigned to plates with a skeletal age falling within this range were placed within a second grouping (SD= 5.2 months in females; 7.0 months in males). As expected, variation was observed to decrease as developmental processes accelerated in the younger children. The newly calculated standard deviations offer tighter predictions for estimating age in young children while at the same time maintaining an acceptable width that accounts for normal variation in developmental timings.

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Variability in developmental timings of the knee in young American children as assessed through Pyle and Hoerr’s radiographic atlas

2015

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Skeletal assessment and secular changes in knee development: a radiographic approach

Boeyer

Ousley

2016

American J Phys Anthropol

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The epiphyses that appear early in life, for example the distal femoral epiphysis, require gestational age information to accurately estimate appearance times. There are considerable differences between the ossification timing patterns presented in this study and those of previous standards, which did not include gestational ages. Several factors may explain the observed differences in the epiphyses of the knee including: the availability of gestational age information, the analysis of longitudinal versus cross-sectional data, differences in socioeconomic status and prenatal care, and secular change. KEYWORDS age estimation, growth standards, ossification, skeletal maturation, subadult/juvenile growth.

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Pediatric age estimation from radiographs of the knee using deep learning

et al. 2022

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Objectives Age estimation, especially in pediatric patients, is regularly used in different contexts ranging from forensic over medicolegal to clinical applications. A deep neural network has been developed to automatically estimate chronological age from knee radiographs in pediatric patients. Methods In this retrospective study, 3816 radiographs of the knee from pediatric patients from a German population (acquired between January 2008 and December 2018) were collected to train a neural network. The network was trained to predict chronological age from the knee radiographs and was evaluated on an independent validation cohort of 423 radiographs (acquired between January 2019 and December 2020) and on an external validation cohort of 197 radiographs. Results The model showed a mean absolute error of 0.86 ± 0.72 years and 0.9 ± 0.71 years on the internal and external validation cohorts, respectively. Separating age classes (< 14 years from ≥ 14 years and < 18 years from ≥ 18 years) showed AUCs between 0.94 and 0.98. Conclusions The chronological age of pediatric patients can be estimated with good accuracy from radiographs of the knee using a deep neural network. Key Points • Radiographs of the knee can be used for age estimations in pediatric patients using a standard deep neural network. • The network showed a mean absolute error of 0.86 ± 0.72 years in an internal validation cohort and of 0.9 ± 0.71 years in an external validation cohort. • The network can be used to separate the age classes < 14 years from ≥ 14 years with an AUC of 0.97 and < 18 years from ≥ 18 years with an AUC of 0.94.

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Age Estimation from Radiographic Images of the Knee

Cited by 25 publications

References 30 publications

Variability in developmental timings of the knee in young American children as assessed through Pyle and Hoerr’s radiographic atlas

Variability in developmental timings of the knee in young American children as assessed through Pyle and Hoerr’s radiographic atlas

Skeletal assessment and secular changes in knee development: a radiographic approach

Pediatric age estimation from radiographs of the knee using deep learning

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