Age is not a determinant factor in susceptibility of broilers to H5N2 clade 2.3.4.4 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus

Bertran, Kateri; Lee, Dong‐Hun; Balzli, Charles L.; Pantin‐Jackwood, Mary J.; Spackman, Erica; Swayne, David E.

doi:10.1186/s13567-016-0401-6

Cited by 24 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…In this sense, in-place biosecurity efforts may have been enough to prevent continued viral introductions from outside sources (including wild birds, backyard poultry flocks, or long-distance movement from other geographic regions), but were ineffective against local farm-to-farm transmission. For instance, it has been suggested that biosecurity factors could explain the lack of HPAI cases within the broiler chicken industry in the Midwest [53]. A better understanding of how HPAI-positive farms are logistically connected would greatly aid surveillance and control efforts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Agricultural and geographic factors shaped the North American 2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N2 outbreak

et al. 2020

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The 2014-2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5NX outbreak represents the largest and most expensive HPAI outbreak in the United States to date. Despite extensive traditional and molecular epidemiological studies, factors associated with the spread of HPAI among midwestern poultry premises remain unclear. To better understand the dynamics of this outbreak, 182 full genome HPAI H5N2 sequences isolated from commercial layer chicken and turkey production premises were analyzed using evolutionary models able to accommodate epidemiological and geographic information. Epidemiological compartmental models embedded in a phylogenetic framework provided evidence that poultry type acted as a barrier to the transmission of virus among midwestern poultry farms. Furthermore, after initial introduction, the propagation of HPAI cases was self-sustainable within the commercial poultry industries. Discrete trait diffusion models indicated that within state viral transitions occurred more frequently than inter-state transitions. Distance and sample size were very strongly supported as associated with viral transition between county groups (Bayes Factor > 30.0). Together these findings indicate that the different types of midwestern poultry industries were not a single homogenous population, but rather, the outbreak was shaped by poultry industries and geographic factors.chances of viral movement between two locations. While many theories have been proposed to explain the transmission of virus among poultry farms, presented evidence suggests human-mediated viral transportation played a key role in the spread of the highly pathogenic H5N2 outbreak in North America.Agricultural and geographic factors of the 2015 HPAI US outbreak PLOS Pathogens | https://doi.org/10.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Agricultural and geographic factors shaped the North American 2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N2 outbreak

et al. 2020

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“…In contrast, the H5N2 viruses isolated later in the Midwestern states were generally better adapted to chickens and turkeys (24)(25)(26). In this study, the pathogenesis, transmission, and intrahost evolutionary dynamics of initial clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI viruses detected in the North American outbreak were investigated in five gallinaceous poultry species which are predominant in small commercial operations, backyards, and LPM systems.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Swab and tissue samples in BHI were processed for qRRT-PCR (80) to determine viral RNA titers as previously described (26). The standard curves for viral RNA quantification were established with RNAs extracted from dilutions of the same titrated stocks of the challenge viruses.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathobiology of Clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Infections in Minor Gallinaceous Poultry Supports Early Backyard Flock Introductions in the Western United States in 2014-2015

Bertran

Lee

Pantin‐Jackwood

et al. 2017

J Virol

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In 2014 and 2015, the United States experienced an unprecedented outbreak of Eurasian clade 2.3.4.4 H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus. Initial cases affected mainly wild birds and mixed backyard poultry species, while later outbreaks affected mostly commercial chickens and turkeys. The pathogenesis, transmission, and intrahost evolutionary dynamics of initial Eurasian H5N8 and reassortant H5N2 clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI viruses in the United States were investigated in minor gallinaceous poultry species (i.e., species for which the U.S. commercial industries are small), namely, Japanese quail, bobwhite quail, pearl guinea fowl, chukar partridges, and ring-necked pheasants. Low mean bird infectious doses (<2 to 3.7 log10) support direct introduction and infection of these species as observed in mixed backyard poultry during the early outbreaks. Pathobiological features and systemic virus replication in all species tested were consistent with HPAI virus infection. Sustained virus shedding with transmission to contact-exposed birds, alongside long incubation periods, may enable unrecognized dissemination and adaptation to other gallinaceous species, such as chickens and turkeys. Genome sequencing of excreted viruses revealed numerous low-frequency polymorphisms and 20 consensus-level substitutions in all genes and species, but especially in Japanese quail and pearl guinea fowl and in internal proteins PB1 and PB2. This genomic flexibility after only one passage indicates that influenza viruses can continue to evolve in galliform species, increasing their opportunity to adapt to other species. Our findings suggest that these gallinaceous poultry are permissive for infection and sustainable transmissibility with the 2014 initial wild bird-adapted clade 2.3.4.4 virus, with potential acquisition of mutations leading to host range adaptation. IMPORTANCE The outbreak of clade 2.3.4.4 H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus that occurred in the United States in 2014 and 2015 represents the worst livestock disease event in the country, with unprecedented socioeconomic and commercial consequences. Epidemiological and molecular investigations can identify transmission pathways of the HPAI virus. However, understanding the pathogenesis, transmission, and intrahost evolutionary dynamics of new HPAI viruses in different avian species is paramount. The significance of our research is in examining the susceptibility of minor gallinaceous species to HPAI virus, as this poultry sector also suffers from HPAI epizootics, and identifying the biological potential of these species as an epidemiological link between the waterfowl reservoir and the commercial chicken and turkey populations, with the ultimate goal of refining surveillance in these populations to enhance early detection, management, and control in future HPAI virus outbreaks.

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“…In this sense, in-place biosecurity efforts may have been enough to prevent continued viral introductions from outside sources (including wild birds, backyard poultry flocks, or long-distance movement from other geographic regions), but were ineffective against local farm-to-farm transmission. For instance, it has been suggested that biosecurity factors could explain the lack of HPAI cases within the broiler chicken industry in the Midwest (44). The association of distance between and road density of county groups with HPAI dispersal suggests human transportation modes may have played an important role in dispersal of HPAI across the Midwest.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Agricultural and geographic factors shaped the North American 2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N2 outbreak

Hicks

Lee

Duvuuri

et al. 2019

Preprint

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16 KEYWORDS: highly pathogenic avian influenza, phylogenetics, phylodynamcs, avian disease, 17 Bayesian inference, coalescent models, discrete trait evolution, generalized linear model 18 2 19 ABSTRACT 20 The 2014 -2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5NX outbreak represents the 21 largest and most expensive HPAI outbreak in the United States to date. Despite extensive 22 traditional and molecular epidemiological studies, factors associated with the spread of HPAI 23 among midwestern poultry premises remain unclear. To better understand the dynamics of this 24 outbreak, 182 full genome HPAI H5N2 sequences isolated from commercial layer chicken and 25 turkey production premises were analyzed using evolutionary models modified to incorporate 26 epidemiological and geographic information. Epidemiological compartmental models 27 constructed in a phylogenetic framework provided evidence that poultry type acted as a barrier to 28 the transmission of virus among midwestern poultry farms. Furthermore, after initial 29 introduction, a continuous external source of virus was not needed to explain the propagation of 30 HPAI cases within the commercial poultry industries. Discrete trait diffusion models indicated 31 that within state viral transitions occurred more frequently than inter-state transitions. Distance, 32 road density and proportion of water coverage were all supported as associated with viral 33 transition between county groups (Bayes Factor > 3.0). Together these findings indicate that the 34 midwestern poultry industries were not a single homogenous population, but rather, the outbreak 35 was shaped by poultry sectors and geographic factors.

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Age is not a determinant factor in susceptibility of broilers to H5N2 clade 2.3.4.4 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus

Cited by 24 publications

References 38 publications

Agricultural and geographic factors shaped the North American 2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N2 outbreak

Agricultural and geographic factors shaped the North American 2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N2 outbreak

Pathobiology of Clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Infections in Minor Gallinaceous Poultry Supports Early Backyard Flock Introductions in the Western United States in 2014-2015

Agricultural and geographic factors shaped the North American 2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N2 outbreak

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