Age norms for grating acuity and contrast sensitivity in children using eye tracking technology

Esteban-Ibañez, Eduardo; Roche, María Teresa Pérez; Prieto, Esther; Galicia-Castillo, Oscar; Fanlo-Zarazaga, Álvaro; Alejandre, Adrian; Gutiérrez, Diego; Ortín, Marta; Pueyo, Victoria

doi:10.1007/s10792-021-02040-4

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…A few of the studies reviewed here propose eye tracking as an objective index of stimulus detection, in the sense of removing the need for an external observer to assess participant behavior as in preferential looking studies ( Sturm et al, 2011 ; Hathibelagal et al, 2015 ; Zhuang et al, 2021 ; Esteban-Ibañez et al, 2022 ), or in the sense of eliciting responses that are not under participant voluntary control such as the OKN ( Hyon et al, 2010 ; Schwob and Palmowski-Wolfe, 2019 ; Essig et al, 2021 ), microsaccades ( Scholes et al, 2015 ; Denniss et al, 2018 ), or smooth pursuit ( Mooney et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another study with a clinical focus was the recent work by Esteban-Ibañez et al (2022) . The authors evaluated visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in children between 6 months and 7 years old through eye tracking.…”

Section: Eye Movements As a Measure Of Stimulus Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The works dedicated to establishing the equivalence between traditional preferential looking and eye tracking-based preferential looking show statistically significant correlations between results from the two techniques, but also small differences in measured thresholds ( Sturm et al, 2011 ; Vrabič et al, 2021 ; Esteban-Ibañez et al, 2022 ). The eye tracking preferential looking tasks applied with infants and children do not require head stabilization or strict instructions to fixate at any given point in the screen, but rely instead on spontaneous visual exploratory behavior.…”

Section: Eye Movements As a Measure Of Stimulus Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of experimental task design in psychophysical eye tracking research

Lima,

Ventura

2023

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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While eye tracking is a technique commonly used in the experimental study of higher-level perceptual processes such as visual search, working memory, reading, and scene exploration, its use for the quantification of basic visual functions (visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, color vision, motion detection) is less explored. The use of eye movement features as dependent variables in a psychophysical investigation can serve multiple roles. They can be central in studies with neurological patients or infants that cannot comply with verbal instructions, understand task demands, and/or emit manual responses. The technique may also serve a complementary role, determining the conditions under which a manual or verbal response is given, such as stimulus position in the visual field, or it can afford the analysis of new dependent variables, such as the time interval between oculomotor and manual responses. Our objective is to review the literature that applied the eye tracking technique to psychophysical problems. The two questions our review raises are: can eye movements (reflex or voluntary) be an objective index of stimulus detection in psychophysical tasks? If so, under what conditions, and how does it compare with traditional paradigms requiring manual responses? Our (non-systematic) methodological review selected studies that used video-oculography as the technique of choice and had a basic visual function as their primary object of investigation. Studies satisfying those criteria were then categorized into four broad classes reflecting their main research interest: (1) stimulus detection and threshold estimation, (2) the effects of stimulus properties on fixational eye movements, (3) the effects of eye movements on perception, and (4) visual field assessment. The reviewed studies support the idea that eye tracking is a valuable technique for the study of basic perceptual processes. We discuss methodological characteristics within each of the proposed classification area, with the objective of informing future task design.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Eye Movements As a Measure Of Stimulus Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Eye Movements As a Measure Of Stimulus Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of experimental task design in psychophysical eye tracking research

Lima,

Ventura

2023

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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“…ET and VOG are currently used in various areas associated with visual functioning, including nystagmus, 6–8 oculomotricity, 9–14 contrast sensitivity, 15 visual acuity, 15 pupillography, 16 cyclotorsion, 17,18 and primarily for detecting and/or quantifying ocular misalignment, whether it be heterophoria 19–24 or heterotropia 25–52 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ET and VOG are currently used in various areas associated with visual functioning, including nystagmus, [6][7][8] oculomotricity, [9][10][11][12][13][14] contrast sensitivity, 15 visual acuity, 15 pupillography, 16 cyclotorsion, 17,18 and primarily for detecting and/or quantifying ocular misalignment, whether it be heterophoria [19][20][21][22][23][24] or heterotropia. In recent years, various investigations have compared the measurement of strabismus using APCT and VOG, showing that both measurements are interchangeable due to the high precision of the technology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Analysis of Strabismus Measurement Using a Video Oculagraphy System and Alternate Prism Cover Test

Cantó-Cerdán,

Martínez-Abad,

Siverio-Colomina

et al. 2023

Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology

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Purpose: The aim of the study was to compare distance vision measurements obtained with video oculography (VOG) and an alternate prism cover test (APCT). Design: Single-center, retrospective, and cross-sectional. Methods: Eighty-seven subjects with strabismus were included. All patients underwent an optometric examination. The measurement of strabismus in distance vision was performed with the best optical correction using the APCT and the VOG GazeLab. Subjects were divided according to the type of strabismus; 41 were esotropic and 46 were exotropic. Results: The general comparison of APCT and VOG showed a mean difference of 0.60±2.74 prism diopters (Δ), not observing statistical differences between both methods (P=0.059) and presenting a correlation of 0.976 (P<0.001). Using APCT, the mean amount of esotropia for the group was 18.31±11.64 Δ and that of exotropia was 19.62±8.80 Δ. Compared with the VOG, the mean value of esotropia for the group was 18.65±11.65 Δ and that of exotropia was 19.48±8.62 Δ. The means are statistically different for the esotropia group (P=0.005) but not for the exotropia group (P=0.318). There was a high direct correlation between the methods of measurement for both the esotropic (R=0.980; P<0.001) and exotropic patients (R=0.975; P<0.001). Bland-Altman analysis shows a mean difference of 1.37±2.76 Δ for the esotropia patients and 0.31±2.66 Δ for the exotropic patients, respectively. Conclusions: This study demonstrated comparable results in measuring strabismus between VOG and APTC for esotropia and exotropia, with an excellent correlation between both methods and good agreement, especially in subjects with exotropia.

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Visual Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity in Preterm and Full-Term Children Using a Novel Digital Test

Roche

Yam²,

Liu³

et al. 2022

Children

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Visual assessment in preverbal children mostly relies on the preferential looking paradigm. It requires an experienced observer to interpret the child’s responses to a stimulus. DIVE (Device for an Integral Visual Examination) is a digital tool with an integrated eye tracker (ET) that lifts this requirement and automatizes this process. The aim of our study was to assess the development of two visual functions, visual acuity (VA) and contrast sensitivity (CS), with DIVE, in a large sample of children from 6 months to 14 years (y) of age, and to compare the results of preterm and full-term children. Participants were recruited in clinical settings from five countries. There were 2208 children tested, 609 of them were born preterm. Both VA and CS improved throughout childhood, with the maximum increase during the first 5 years of age. Gestational age, refractive error and age had an impact on VA results, while CS values were only influenced by age. With this study we report normative reference outcomes for VA and CS throughout childhood and validate the DIVE tests as a useful tool to measure basic visual functions in children.

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Age norms for grating acuity and contrast sensitivity in children using eye tracking technology

Abstract: Conclusions DIVE is an automatic, objective and reliable tool to assess several visual function parameters in children, and it has good agreement with classical VA tests, especially for the first stage of life.

Cited by 3 publications

References 37 publications

A review of experimental task design in psychophysical eye tracking research

A review of experimental task design in psychophysical eye tracking research

Comparative Analysis of Strabismus Measurement Using a Video Oculagraphy System and Alternate Prism Cover Test

Visual Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity in Preterm and Full-Term Children Using a Novel Digital Test

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