Age-related change in Wechsler IQ norms after adjustment for the Flynn effect: Estimates from three computational models

Agbayani, Kristina A.; Hiscock, Merrill

doi:10.1080/13803395.2013.806650

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…These issues were addressed by Kaufman (2010), who pointed out that changes in the instructions and content of specific Wechsler subtests (e.g., Similarities) could make comparing older and newer versions akin to comparing apples and oranges. However, other research has shown that estimates of the size of the Flynn effect based on changes in subtest scores yield values similar to estimates from the composite scores (Agbayani & Hiscock, 2013;Dickinson & Hiscock, 2010). Kaufman's concern related to interpretations of the basis of the Flynn effect and not to its existence, and we did not pursue this question because it has been addressed in other studies (Dickinson & Hiscock, 2011).…”

Section: The Current Studymentioning

confidence: 77%

The Flynn effect: A meta-analysis.

Trahan¹,

Stuebing²,

Fletcher³

et al. 2014

Psychological Bulletin

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159

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The “Flynn effect” refers to the observed rise in IQ scores over time, resulting in norms obsolescence. Although the Flynn effect is widely accepted, most approaches to estimating it have relied upon “scorecard” approaches that make estimates of its magnitude and error of measurement controversial and prevent determination of factors that moderate the Flynn effect across different IQ tests. We conducted a meta-analysis to determine the magnitude of the Flynn effect with a higher degree of precision, to determine the error of measurement, and to assess the impact of several moderator variables on the mean effect size. Across 285 studies (N = 14,031) since 1951 with administrations of two intelligence tests with different normative bases, the meta-analytic mean was 2.31, 95% CI [1.99, 2.64], standard score points per decade. The mean effect size for 53 comparisons (N = 3,951) (excluding three atypical studies that inflate the estimates) involving modern (since 1972) Stanford-Binet and Wechsler IQ tests (2.93, 95% CI [2.3, 3.5], IQ points per decade) was comparable to previous estimates of about 3 points per decade, but not consistent with the hypothesis that the Flynn effect is diminishing. For modern tests, study sample (larger increases for validation research samples vs. test standardization samples) and order of administration explained unique variance in the Flynn effect, but age and ability level were not significant moderators. These results supported previous estimates of the Flynn effect and its robustness across different age groups, measures, samples, and levels of performance.

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Section: The Current Studymentioning

confidence: 77%

The Flynn effect: A meta-analysis.

Trahan¹,

Stuebing²,

Fletcher³

et al. 2014

Psychological Bulletin

Self Cite

270

159

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The advantage of older over younger adults of 1.6/20 aMH points remained stable across 16 years, with a linear decrease in vocabulary scores for both groups. Note that the analysis did not involve adjustments to counteract the Flynn effect (Agbayani & Hiscock, 2013; Dickinson & Hiscock, 2010) because the effect typically does not involve crystallized intelligence factors such as vocabulary (Flynn, 1994).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Older is always better”: Age-related differences in vocabulary scores across 16 years.

Ben‐David

Erel

Goy

et al. 2015

Psychology and Aging

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Cross-sectional studies of cognitive aging compare age groups at 1 time point. It is unclear from such studies whether age-related cognitive differences remain stable across time. We present a cross-sectional investigation of vocabulary scores of 2,000 younger and older adults collected across 16 years, using the same laboratory and protocol. We found a steady decrease with year of testing and an advantage for older adults. An additive relation between age group and year of testing implied that age-related differences in vocabulary are independent of changes over time, suggesting that younger and older adults are similarly affected by changes in word usage.

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“…Age‐scaled scores for all the EF measures were used for analyses, thus age was not included as a covariate. Previous neuropsychological research suggests that statistically controlling for age is unnecessary when using age‐adjusted standard scores (Agbayani & Hiscock, ; Salthouse, ). Minority status was coded as 0 = Caucasian and 1 = non‐Caucasian (African‐American, Hispanic/Latina, Asian or multiracial).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Agescaled scores for all the EF measures were used for analyses, thus age was not included as a covariate. Previous neuropsychological research suggests that statistically controlling for age is unnecessary when using age-adjusted standard scores (Agbayani & Hiscock, 2013;Salthouse, 2013 there is a strong positive correlation between years of education and IQ (Lange et al, 2010;Matarazzo & Herman, 1984). In addition, there is there is an overlap in measures of fluid intelligence tests and working memory and processing speed tasks, due to the memory maintenance required on fluid intelligence tests (Conway, Cowan, Bunting, Therriault & Minkoff, 2002;Fry & Hale, 1996;Little, Lewandowsky & Craig, 2014).…”

Section: Data Analytic Planmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of executive functioning in binge‐eating disorder independent of weight status

Eneva

Arlt

Yiu

et al. 2017

Intl J Eating Disorders

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Objective Executive functioning (EF) problems may serve as vulnerability or maintenance factors for Binge-eating Disorder (BED). However, it is unclear if EF problems observed in BED are related to overweight status or BED status. The current study extends this literature by examining EF in overweight and normal-weight BED compared to weight-matched controls. Method Participants were women with normal-weight BED (n=23), overweight BED (n=32), overweight healthy controls (n=48), and normal-weight healthy controls (n=29). The EF battery utilized tests from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Toolbox and Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS). Results After controlling for years of education and minority status, overweight individuals performed more poorly than normal-weight individuals on a task of cognitive flexibility requiring generativity (p < 0.01) and speed on psychomotor performance tasks (p = 0.01). Normal-weight and overweight BED performed worse on working memory tasks compared to controls (p = 0.04). Unexpectedly, normal-weight BED individuals out-performed all other groups on an inhibitory control task (p < 0.01). No significant differences were found between the four groups on tasks of planning. Discussion Regardless of weight status, BED is associated with working memory problems. Replication of the finding that normal-weight BED is associated with enhanced inhibitory control is needed.

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Age-related change in Wechsler IQ norms after adjustment for the Flynn effect: Estimates from three computational models

Cited by 6 publications

References 28 publications

The Flynn effect: A meta-analysis.

The Flynn effect: A meta-analysis.

“Older is always better”: Age-related differences in vocabulary scores across 16 years.

Assessment of executive functioning in binge‐eating disorder independent of weight status

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