Age-related differences in fat-free mass, skeletal muscle, body cell mass and fat mass between 18 and 94 years

Kyle, Ursula G.; Genton, Laurence; Hans, Didier; Karsegard, Laurie; Slosman, Daniel O.; Pichard, Claude

doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601198

Cited by 367 publications

(271 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…21,22,26 This was confirmed in our analysis showing an increase of the FMI with age group in the lowest quartiles of the FMI (Figures 1a and b). Longitudinal observations in an elderly population have shown that total body weight remains stable, but masks an increase in FM and a decrease in FFM.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Total and regional relationship between lean and fat mass with increasing adiposity—impact for the diagnosis of sarcopenic obesity

et al. 2012

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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Besides the effect of age used to define sarcopenia, there is need to understand the impact of adiposity on the relationship between lean (fat-free mass, FFM) and fat mass (FM) in order to diagnose sarcopenic obese phenotypes. More importantly, the regional distribution of skeletal muscle (SM) to adipose tissue (AT) or the composition of FFM (that is, SM proportion of lean mass) may also depend on adiposity. SUBJECTS/METHODS: In a large database (n ¼ 1737) of healthy males and females (age 11-84 years, BMI 13.5-52.5 kg/m 2 ) we investigated changes in the relationship between FFM and FM (normalized by height as fat-free mass index and fat mass index: FFMI and FMI, kg/m 2 assessed by densitometry) with increasing adiposity and age. In a subgroup (n ¼ 263) we analyzed the relationship between regional SM and (i) AT (by magnetic resonance imaging) or (ii) lean soft tissue (by dual X-ray absorptiometry) with increasing adiposity. RESULTS: The relationship between lean and FM was influenced by adiposity, age and gender. With increasing adiposity, SM/AT declined faster at the trunk in men and at the extremities in women. The contribution of appendicular SM to lean soft tissue of arms and legs tended to decrease at a higher adiposity in both genders (FMI 46.97 kg/m 2 in women; FMI47.77 kg/m 2 in men). CONCLUSION: Besides age and gender, adiposity and body region should be considered when evaluating the normal relationship between lean and FM, SM/FFM and SM/AT.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Total and regional relationship between lean and fat mass with increasing adiposity—impact for the diagnosis of sarcopenic obesity

et al. 2012

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“…Aging is associated with an increase in fat mass (FM) and a decrease in fat-free mass (FFM) (Roubenoff, 2000;Kyle et al, 2001). While the health implications of FM expansion are known from many years, those of FFM depletion have started to be investigated only recently (Kennedy et al, 2004;Jensen, 2005;Kyle et al, 2005;Villareal et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of air-displacement plethysmography and bioelectrical impedance analysis vs dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for the assessment of fat-free mass in elderly subjects

et al. 2007

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Objective: To evaluate air-displacement plethysmography (ADP) and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) vs dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for the assessment of fat-free mass (FFM) in healthy elderly subjects. Subjects: Forty-two women and twenty-six men aged 60-84 years. Methods: FFM was measured by DXA and ADP. Body impedance (Z) was measured by four-polar BIA and the impedance index (ZI) was calculated as stature 2 /Z. Selection of predictors (gender, age, weight and ZI at 5, 50 and 100 kHz) for BIA algorithms was carried out using bootstrapped stepwise linear regression on 1000 samples of 68 subjects. Limits of agreement were used as measures of interchangeability of ADP and BIA with DXA. Results: The limits of agreement of ADP vs DXA were À11.0 to 2.4 kg in males and À4.8 to 2.2 kg in females. Gender, weight and ZI 100 were selected as predictors of FFM by bootstrapped stepwise linear regression. In males, ZI 100 (À12.2 to 12.2 kg) was much less accurate than weight (À6.0 to 6.0 kg) at predicting FFM and their combination did not improve the estimate (À6.0 to 6.0 kg). In females, ZI 100 (À6.8 to 6.8 kg) was less accurate than weight (À5.6 to 5.6 kg) at predicting FFM and their combination improved the estimate only slightly (À5.0 to 5.0 kg). Conclusions: In healthy elderly subjects, (1) ADP and DXA are not interchangeable for the assessment of FFM, especially in males; and (2) ZI 100 is not superior to weight for the prediction of FFM and their combination is of little advantage and only in females.

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“…Data are taken in men from studies performed on subjects with varying age and classified as <60, 60-75, >75 years (3,14,15,16) Obesity should be defined as the amount of excess fat storage associated with elevated health risk. Since many health risks, including osteo-arthritis (4), loss of autonomy (13), and decreased quality of life are associated with increased fatness in the elderly, it may be more appropriate to define obesity on fatness than on BMI.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity in the elderly: Should we be using new diagnostic criteria?

Ritz

2009

The Journal of nutrition, health and aging

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EDITORIALThe proportion of elderly people is growing in almost every country. This conveys a higher rate of diseases associated with age among which nutrition-related disorders are many. Proteinenergy malnutrition is highly prevalent (about 50%) in institutions and acute care units. Obesity is another issue that is raising increasing attention. The proportion of persons "diagnosed as obese" is higher in the elderly than in their young pairs. For example, in France, the latest survey conducted in 2006 (1) shows than the mean prevalence of obesity is 12.6, but more than 15% in those aged 65 years and above. Since obesity is associated with co-morbidities, it follows that at least one out of 5 of the patients in our wards are likely to be obese.Obesity is diagnosed as a BMI (Weight/Height²) higher than 30 kg/m² (2). This is the criterion that is used to estimate the prevalence irrespective of age. However, although it is true that weight tends to increase with age (3), the increase in BMI is also associated with a reduced height. It is estimated that height decreases by 8 cm in women and by 5 cm in men between 20 and 85 years of age (4-5). Therefore BMI naturally increases with age and mean values at 65 years are around 26 kg/m², higher than 25 and in the group of patients classified overweight. Each cm loss in height increases BMI between 0.2 and 0.3 units (for heights between 150 and 180 cms). Despite this mathematical artifact, the increased prevalence between 2003 and 2006, on the same French population (1) suggests that there is indeed an growing number of people with a high BMI as age increases.Body composition changes with age: fat mass increases especially in the central area of the body and is said to double between 20 and 85 years of age (6). Fat-free mass decreases by 15% over the same age range and more than 2/3 of the decline is made of muscle (6-7). Muscle tissue is infiltrated with triglycerides (8). This means that the BMI-%fat relationship varies with age. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate this concept, with a higher fatness for a given BMI as age increases. Furthermore, since there is a decrease in lean mass, a high BMI in a young adult (high lean mass, high fat mass, 9) corresponds to a different body composition in an older person (low lean mass, high fat mass). Further to this basic difference in body composition are the concepts of 1) sarcopenic obesity, with an increased fatness and a very low muscle mass, which carries specific consequences (10), and 2) an increased deposition of fat in the abdomen which drives metabolic consequences.The BMI cut-offs to define obesity have been chosen because of an increased all cause mortality as BMI increases above 25 kg/m² (2). In the elderly, this relationship is not the same. In a cohort of 13,000 subjects from California, aged 73 at study entry and followed up for 23 years, the adjusted relative risk of death is 1.35 before 70, 1.33 between 70 and 75, 1.12 above 75 and 1.22 above 80 years (11). Zamboni et al have reviewed (4) carefully this relationship. It l...

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Age-related differences in fat-free mass, skeletal muscle, body cell mass and fat mass between 18 and 94 years

Cited by 367 publications

References 35 publications

Total and regional relationship between lean and fat mass with increasing adiposity—impact for the diagnosis of sarcopenic obesity

Total and regional relationship between lean and fat mass with increasing adiposity—impact for the diagnosis of sarcopenic obesity

Evaluation of air-displacement plethysmography and bioelectrical impedance analysis vs dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for the assessment of fat-free mass in elderly subjects

Obesity in the elderly: Should we be using new diagnostic criteria?

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