Age-related differences in postural control in humans in response to a sudden deceleration generated by postural disturbance

Okada, Shuichi; Hirakawa, Kazufumi; Takada, Yoshihiro; Kinoshita, Hiroshi

doi:10.1007/s004210100423

Cited by 42 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The CCI results in this study were in agreement with previous studies (Hsu et al, 2007;Okada et al, 2001) that older fallers and non-fallers had greater knee CCI than younger adults. The greater stance knee CCI (and also stiffness) among older non-fallers could indicate that they have more difficulty with coordination and controlling postural stability during stepping forward movement than younger adults.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…In other words, increased co-contraction can result in declining ability to maintain balance during static/ dynamic (e.g., standing/stepping) tasks (Horak et al, 1992). During forward stepping, cocontraction of vastus lateralis and medial hamstrings has been used to stabilize motion (Tseng et al, 2007) and older adults have been shown to have greater co-contraction than younger adults (Hsu et al, 2007;Okada et al, 2001). These age-related increases in cocontraction could also play a role in MSL kinetics, but these data have not yet been recorded during the MSL.…”

Section: The Maximummentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of step length, age, and fall history on hip and knee kinetics and knee co-contraction during the maximum step length test

Schulz

Jongprasithporn

Hart-Hughes

et al. 2013

Clinical Biomechanics

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Background-Maximum step length is a brief clinical test involving stepping out and back as far as possible with the arms folded across the chest. This test has been shown to predict fall risk, but the biomechanics of this test are not fully understood. Knee and hip kinetics (moments and powers) are greater for longer steps and for younger subjects, but younger subjects also step farther.Methods-To separate effects of step length, age, and fall history on joint kinetics; 14 healthy younger, 14 older non-fallers, and 11 older fallers (27(5), 72(5), 75(6) years respectively) all stepped to the same relative target distances of 20-80% of their height. Knee and hip kinetics and knee co-contraction were calculated.Findings-Hip and knee kinetics and knee co-contraction all increased with step length, but older non-fallers and fallers utilized greater stepping hip and less stepping knee extensor kinetics. Fallers had greater stepping knee co-contraction than non-fallers. Stance knee co-contraction of non-fallers was similar to young for shorter steps and similar to fallers for longer steps.Interpretation-Age had minimal effects and fall history had no effects on joint kinetics of steps to similar distances. Effects of age and fall history on knee co-contraction may contribute to agerelated kinetic differences and shorter maximal step lengths of older non-fallers and fallers, but step length correlated with every variable tested. Thus, declines in maximum step length could indicate declines in hip and knee extensor kinetics and impaired performance on similar tasks like recovering from a trip.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: The Maximummentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of step length, age, and fall history on hip and knee kinetics and knee co-contraction during the maximum step length test

Schulz

Jongprasithporn

Hart-Hughes

et al. 2013

Clinical Biomechanics

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“…The elderly rely more on hip movements, while young people rely on ankle movements to control postural stability. 26 A decline in somatosensory information from the feet is a major factor in this pattern change with age. 27 Therefore the considerable impact of tai chi practice on ankle proprioception is of great benefit in the retention of balance control in old people.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of tai chi exercise on proprioception of ankle and knee joints in old people

Hong

Li³

et al. 2004

Br J Sports Med

180

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Objectives: To assess if tai chi, a traditional Chinese form of exercise, could improve proprioception in old people and if the effects of tai chi on proprioception are more evident than other exercise forms in the elderly. Methods: By detecting the threshold of passive movement, ankle and knee joint kinaesthesis was measured in 21 elderly long term tai chi practitioners (TC group), 20 elderly long term swimmers/runners (S/R group), and 27 elderly sedentary controls (control group). Results: Ankle joint kinaesthesis differed significantly among the three groups (p = 0.001). Subjects in the TC group could detect a significantly smaller amount of motion than those in the S/R group (p = 0.022) and control group (p = 0.001). No significant difference was found between the S/R group and the control group (p = 0.701). The threshold for detection of passive motion was significantly different in knee extension and flexion. For knee flexion, the TC group showed a significantly lower mean threshold for detection of passive motion than the control group (p = 0.026). There were no significant differences between the S/R group and control group (p = 0.312), or between the TC group and S/R group (p = 0.533). For knee extension, no significant difference was noted among the three groups (p = 0.597). Conclusions: The elderly people who regularly practiced tai chi not only showed better proprioception at the ankle and knee joints than sedentary controls, but also better ankle kinaesthesis than swimmers/ runners. The large benefits of tai chi exercise on proprioception may result in the maintenance of balance control in older people.

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“…This could be expected from the slower and larger movements of older subjects in response to support-surface perturbations (Okada et al 2001). Associations of T H with isokinetic strength and the rate of force development suggest that they are determinants of T H .…”

Section: Age-related Changesmentioning

confidence: 92%

Thresholds for Inducing Protective Stepping Responses to External Perturbations of Human Standing

Mille

Rogers

Martinez

et al. 2003

Journal of Neurophysiology

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. Thresholds for inducing protective stepping responses to external perturbations of human standing. J Neurophysiol 90: 666 -674, 2003. First published April 23, 2003 10.1152/jn.00974.2002. Standing subjects were unexpectedly pulled forward to identify a threshold boundary that evokes stepping in terms of the size of the pull relative to the base of support (BoS). Performances in a range of sensorimotor tests were correlated with the threshold boundary parameters. Younger and older subjects were studied to identify age-related changes in stepping and the threshold boundaries. The threshold boundary had a forward limit (T L ) that, when crossed, always made subjects step no matter how slowly they were pulled. As velocity increased, the threshold position that produced a step shifted nearer to the ankles. Eventually a pull velocity was reached above which velocity had no further effect and a position threshold (T H ) was identified behind which subjects never stepped. Thus the position threshold boundary for stepping is a posterior-going sigmoidal function of perturbation velocity. Older subjects stepped more than the young (69% vs. 40% of trials). For the older subjects, T L (91% vs. 107% BoS) and T H (59% vs. 72% BoS) were closer to the ankles, and the transition between T L and T H occurred at lower velocities (96% vs. 121% BoS.s Ϫ1 ). Across the entire study population many sensorimotor factors were associated with T L and T H . However, these associations were not present when age was removed as a factor. Thus, although the older subjects use protective stepping more often, this cannot be attributed directly to the sensorimotor factors tested here. It can be explained by stepping as a triggered response to the perturbation event rather than later sensory input about body movement.

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Age-related differences in postural control in humans in response to a sudden deceleration generated by postural disturbance

Cited by 42 publications

References 27 publications

Effects of step length, age, and fall history on hip and knee kinetics and knee co-contraction during the maximum step length test

Effects of step length, age, and fall history on hip and knee kinetics and knee co-contraction during the maximum step length test

Effect of tai chi exercise on proprioception of ankle and knee joints in old people

Thresholds for Inducing Protective Stepping Responses to External Perturbations of Human Standing

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