Age-Related Impairment in Executive Functioning: Updating, Inhibition, Shifting, and Access

Fisk, John E.; Sharp, Charles

doi:10.1080/13803390490510680

Cited by 538 publications

(495 citation statements)

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“…We aimed to use "pure" measures of each of the three postulated executive functions (updating, shifting and inhibition), and provide further clarification of the nature of executive deficits in ecstasy users. In a study of cognitive ageing, Fisk and Sharp (2004) provided further support for Miyake et al's model. Factor analysis revealed that certain tasks loaded on each of the three components identified by Miyake et al, but there was also a distinct executive function loading on another factor, which Fisk and Sharp termed access to long-term memory (although age was not a significant predictor of performance on "access" tasks).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…Consistent with this proposition, Verdejo-Garcia et al (2005) found that ecstasy use was an important contributory factor in deficits in working memory updating among a clinical sample of poly-substance abusers. Similarly research from our own laboratory demonstrates that ecstasy users are impaired on tasks such as computation span , which is also known to load on the updating executive function (Fisk & Sharp, 2004). Equally it appears that tests sensitive to the shifting and inhibition elements do not appear to be as consistently susceptible to the effects of ecstasy (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…(For the letter-updating task, a single composite measure was calculated following the procedure adopted by Fisk and Sharp, 2004). Letter span was also measured and incorporated into ANCOVA, to remove the mediating effects of differences in simple span.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The order in which the lists were presented was randomised. A single composite score of updating was calculated as in Fisk and Sharp (2004).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The differential effects of ecstasy/polydrug use on executive components: shifting, inhibition, updating and access to semantic memory

et al. 2005

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Rationale/Objectives: Recent theoretical models suggest that the central executive may not be a unified structure. The present study explored the nature of central executive deficits in ecstasy users. Methods: In Study One, 27 ecstasy users and 34 nonusers were assessed using tasks to tap memory updating (computation span; letter updating) and access to long-term memory (a semantic fluency test and the Chicago word fluency test). In Study Two, 51 ecstasy users and 42 nonusers completed tasks that assess mental set switching (number/letter and plus/minus) and inhibition (random letter generation). Results: MANOVA revealed that ecstasy users performed worse on both tasks used to assess memory updating, and on tasks to assess access to long-term memory (C-and S-letter fluency). However, notwithstanding the significant ecstasy-group related effects, indices of cocaine and cannabis use were also significantly correlated with most of the executive measures. Unexpectedly, in Study Two, ecstasy users performed significantly better on the inhibition task producing more letters than nonusers. No group differences were observed on the switching tasks. Correlations between indices of ecstasy use and number of letters produced were significant. Conclusions: The present study provides further support for ecstasy/polydrug related deficits in memory updating and in access to long-term memory. The surplus evident on the inhibition task should be treated with some caution as this was limited to a single measure and has not been supported by our previous work.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The order in which the lists were presented was randomised. A single composite score of updating was calculated as in Fisk and Sharp (2004).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The differential effects of ecstasy/polydrug use on executive components: shifting, inhibition, updating and access to semantic memory

et al. 2005

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“…For example, we used a self report measure of executive functioning rather than laboratory based measures. It might have been desirable to incorporate laboratory based tests of executive functioning, however, recent conceptualisations of executive functioning have emphasised the non unitary nature of these processes, identifying four or more separable processes: updating, inhibition, switching, and access to semantic memory (Fisk & Sharp, 2004;Miyake et al, 2000) each with a number of specific measures. Furthermore, ecstasy/polydrug users appear to be differentially affected on each of these .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospective memory functioning among ecstasy/polydrug users: evidence from the Cambridge Prospective Memory Test (CAMPROMPT)

et al. 2011

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Rationale: Prospective memory (PM) deficits in recreational drug users have been documented in recent years. However the assessment of PM has largely been restricted to self report measures that fail to capture the distinction between event based and time based PM.The aim of the present study is to address this limitation.Objectives: Extending our previous research we augmented the range laboratory measures of PM by employing the CAMPROMPT test battery to investigate the impact of illicit drug use on prospective remembering in a sample of cannabis only, ecstasy/polydrug and non users of illicit drugs, separating event and time based PM performance. We also administered measures of executive function and retrospective memory in order to establish whether ecstasy/polydrug deficits in PM were mediated by group differences in these processes.Results: Ecstasy/polydrug users performed significantly worse on both event and time based prospective memory tasks in comparison to both cannabis only and non user groups.Furthermore, it was found that across the whole sample, better retrospective memory and executive functioning was associated with superior PM performance. Nevertheless, this association did not mediate the drug-related effects that were observed. Consistent with our previous study, recreational use of cocaine was linked to PM deficits.Conclusions: PM deficits have again been found among ecstasy/polydrug users which appear to be unrelated to group differences in executive function and retrospective memory.However, the possibility that these are attributable to cocaine use cannot be excluded.Prospective memory (PM) involves remembering to execute a particular behaviour at some future point in time which may be in the short or long term, for example remembering to turn off the lights when leaving a room or remembering to attend a meeting, meet a friend or pass on a message. Self report measures of this construct have been developed (e.g., Crawford et al., 2005;Hannon et al., 1995) and in previous research from our laboratory, Fisk and co-workers have demonstrated apparent impairments on these measures among ecstasy/polydrug users (Montgomery & Fisk, 2007) and cannabis only users (Fisk & Montgomery, 2008). Other researchers have also reported deficits on self report PM measures among users of illicit drugs (Heffernan et al., 2001a;2001b;Rodgers et al., 2001; and studies from our own laboratory and elsewhere have revealed deficits among illicit drug users in laboratory measures of PM (Hadjiefthyvoulou et al., in press;Rendell et al., 2007a;Rendell et al., 2009).Unsurprisingly, given their role in supporting memory functions in general, evidence suggests that PM is dependent on medial temporal-hippocampal processes. For example, in a clinical group with medial temporal sclerosis, Adda et al. (2008) found that PM performance was impaired and that among those with left hemisphere lesions the degree of impairment was correlated with that in delayed (7 day) verbal recall on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Task ...

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Working Memory

Verhaeghen

2015

The Encyclopedia of Adulthood and Aging

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This entry examines the effects of aging on decline in working memory and short‐term memory. Several potential causes—general age‐related decline, decline in executive control functions, and decline in the substrate, including compensation‐related activation—are reviewed. The impact of short‐term memory and working memory decline on higher order cognition is discussed, as well as the effects of working memory training on working memory and other aspects of cognition.

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Age-Related Impairment in Executive Functioning: Updating, Inhibition, Shifting, and Access

Cited by 538 publications

References 35 publications

The differential effects of ecstasy/polydrug use on executive components: shifting, inhibition, updating and access to semantic memory

The differential effects of ecstasy/polydrug use on executive components: shifting, inhibition, updating and access to semantic memory

Prospective memory functioning among ecstasy/polydrug users: evidence from the Cambridge Prospective Memory Test (CAMPROMPT)

Working Memory

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