Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Thomas, Cate; Mirza, Rukhsana G.; Gill, Manjot K.

doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2021.01.003

Cited by 202 publications

(193 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Worldwide, the incidence and prevalence of age-related macular degeneration (e-AMD) are relentlessly growing [1,2]. Over the age of 75, the risk of developing early and late AMD is 25% and 8%, respectively [3]. It was not a long time ago when the first anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drug received FDA approval for the treatment of e-AMD, and many steps forward have been made ever since [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomarkers in Early Response to Brolucizumab on Pigment Epithelium Detachment Associated with Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Rispoli

Eandi

Antonio³

et al. 2021

Biomedicines

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Background: The purpose of this study was to describe early changes in the morphology of pigment epithelium detachments (PED) after an intravitreal injection of Brolucizumab into eyes with macular neovascularization secondary to exudative age-related macular degeneration (e-AMD). Method: We included twelve eyes of 12 patients with PED secondary to e-AMD which were not responding to prior anti-VEGF treatments. An ophthalmic examination and an assessment of PED-horizontal maximal diameter (PED-HMD), PED-maximum high (PED-MH) and macular neovascularization (MNV) flow area (MNV-FA) by the means of structural optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT Angiography (OCT-A) were performed at baseline, as well as 1, 7, 14 and 30 days after the injection. Results: The mean age of the population of study was 78.4 (SD ± 4.8). The mean number of previous Ranibizumab or Aflibercept injections was 13 (SD ± 8). At the last follow-up visit, the PED-HMD did not significantly change (p = 0.16; F(DF:1.94, 20,85) = 1.9), the PED-MH showed a significant reduction [p = 0.01; F(DF:1.31, 14.13) = 6.84.] and the MNV-FA did not significantly differ (p = 0.1; F(1.97, 21.67) = 2.54) from baseline. No signs of ocular inflammation were observed during follow-up. Conclusions: A single Brolucizumab injection was able to determine the short-term effects on PEDs’ anatomical features of eyes with an unresponsive e-AMD.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomarkers in Early Response to Brolucizumab on Pigment Epithelium Detachment Associated with Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Rispoli

Eandi

Antonio³

et al. 2021

Biomedicines

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“…Some patients claim to have visual fluctuations, in which some days have improved vision and in which vision is diminished on other days. In visual distortions, the straight lines seem to look broken [ 135 ], and patients have difficulty recognizing faces and reading. Some dry AMD patients revealed distortion of vision, known as metamorphopsia with the slow evolution of atrophy.…”

Section: Nonexudative Age-related Macular Degeneration (Dry Amd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exudative versus Nonexudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Physiopathology and Treatment Options

Fernandes

Zielińska

Santos

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye disease typically associated with the aging and can be classified into two types—namely, the exudative and the nonexudative AMD. Currently available treatments for exudative AMD use intravitreal injections, which are associated with high risk of infection that can lead to endophthalmitis, while no successful treatments yet exist for the nonexudative form of AMD. In addition to the pharmacologic therapies administered by intravitreal injection already approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in exudative AMD, there are some laser treatments approved that can be used in combination with the pharmacological therapies. In this review, we discuss the latest developments of treatment options for AMD. Relevant literature available from 1993 was used, which included original articles and reviews available in PubMed database and also information collected from Clinical Trials Gov website using “age-related macular degeneration” and “antiangiogenic therapies” as keywords. The clinical trials search was limited to ongoing trials from 2015 to date.

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“…In fact, some eye diseases require a prompt diagnosis in order to contain possible damages related to the ongoing pathways involved. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the main cause of vision loss for over-65-year-olds [ 37 ]; this pathology has often been analyzed to improve diagnostic techniques since it has several predisposing factors, and early detection is crucial to avoid degeneration toward blindness [ 140 ]. AMD has an unclear etiology, although oxidative stress is considered one of the main risk factors [ 141 ]; as a matter of fact, clinical studies demonstrated the importance of supplementation with antioxidants in order to slow down the progression of AMD [ 142 , 143 ].…”

Section: Fluorescent Nanosystems In Ocular Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another important diagnostic test is fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), which allows highlighting vascular leakages in retinal and choroidal pathologies [ 151 ]. This clinical tool is useful to diagnose several ocular diseases: age-related macular degeneration, which is characterized by hemorrhaging and exudation in the retina [ 140 ]; diabetic retinopathy, which involves retinal damages related to microvascular modification which are clinically not revealable in the early stages [ 152 ]; diabetic macular edema, whose pathophysiology implicates modifications of choroidal and retinal vasculature due to BRB impairment [ 153 ]. Furthermore, the aforementioned diseases are characterized by alterations of ocular vessels, and share the consequent compromission of visual activity, if not quickly detected and treated.…”

Section: Fluorescent Nanosystems In Ocular Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluorescent Nanosystems for Drug Tracking and Theranostics: Recent Applications in the Ocular Field

et al. 2022

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The greatest challenge associated with topical drug delivery for the treatment of diseases affecting the posterior segment of the eye is to overcome the poor bioavailability of the carried molecules. Nanomedicine offers the possibility to overcome obstacles related to physiological mechanisms and ocular barriers by exploiting different ocular routes. Functionalization of nanosystems by fluorescent probes could be a useful strategy to understand the pathway taken by nanocarriers into the ocular globe and to improve the desired targeting accuracy. The application of fluorescence to decorate nanocarrier surfaces or the encapsulation of fluorophore molecules makes the nanosystems a light probe useful in the landscape of diagnostics and theranostics. In this review, a state of the art on ocular routes of administration is reported, with a focus on pathways undertaken after topical application. Numerous studies are reported in the first section, confirming that the use of fluorescent within nanoparticles is already spread for tracking and biodistribution studies. The first section presents fluorescent molecules used for tracking nanosystems’ cellular internalization and permeation of ocular tissues; discussions on the classification of nanosystems according to their nature (lipid-based, polymer-based, metallic-based and protein-based) follows. The following sections are dedicated to diagnostic and theranostic uses, respectively, which represent an innovation in the ocular field obtained by combining dual goals in a single administration system. For its great potential, this application of fluorescent nanoparticles would experience a great development in the near future. Finally, a brief overview is dedicated to the use of fluorescent markers in clinical trials and the market in the ocular field.

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Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Cited by 202 publications

References 42 publications

Biomarkers in Early Response to Brolucizumab on Pigment Epithelium Detachment Associated with Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Biomarkers in Early Response to Brolucizumab on Pigment Epithelium Detachment Associated with Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Exudative versus Nonexudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Physiopathology and Treatment Options

Fluorescent Nanosystems for Drug Tracking and Theranostics: Recent Applications in the Ocular Field

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