Age-related structural and neurochemical changes of the human superior cervical ganglion

Liutkienė, Gineta; Stropus, Rimvydas; Pilmane, Māra; Dabužinskienė, Anita

doi:10.1016/j.aanat.2007.01.010

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Our results reconcile with previous studies in literature, in which an ageing-induced neuron hypertrophy happens to be a common event, at least in the CNS, to compensate for a neuron loss in the same period (Cabello et al, 2002;Sanchez et al, 2008). Along the same lines, neuron volume increased by 217% in dog CMG (Gagliardo et al, 2005) and in human SCG (Liutkiene et al, 2007) during postnatal development. In contrast, Ribeiro (2006) reported no changes in the volume of capybara SCG neurons during postnatal development and Toscano et al (2009) have recently communicated 27.5% and 40% decreases (atrophy) in the volume of uni and binucleate SCG neurons in guinea pigs during ageing, which may be attributable to a selective agerelated atrophy and neurodegeneration mediated by an increase in the sortilin expression in SCG neurons, compounded with elevated expression of proNGF levels in some targets (Al-Shawi et al, 2008).…”

Section: Neuron Sizesupporting

confidence: 91%

SCG postnatal remodelling – hypertrophy and neuron number stability – in Spix's Yellow‐toothed Cavies (Galea spixii)

Ladd

Silva

et al. 2011

Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience

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Whilst a fall in neuron numbers seems a common pattern during postnatal development, several authors have nonetheless reported an increase in neuron number, which may be associated with any one of a number of possible processes encapsulating either neurogenesis or late maturation and incomplete differentiation. Recent publications have thus added further fuel to the notion that a postnatal neurogenesis may indeed exist in sympathetic ganglia. In the light of these uncertainties surrounding the effects exerted by postnatal development on the number of superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons, we have used state-of-the-art design-based stereology to investigate the quantitative structure of SCG at four distinct timepoints after birth, viz., 1-3 days, 1 month, 12 months and 36 months. The main effects exerted by ageing on the SCG structure were: (i) a 77% increase in ganglion volume; (ii) stability in the total number of the whole population of SCG nerve cells (no change--either increase or decrease) during post-natal development; (iii) a higher proportion of uninucleate neurons to binucleate neurons only in newborn animals; (iv) a 130% increase in the volume of uninucleate cell bodies; and (v) the presence of BrdU positive neurons in animals at all ages. At the time of writing our results support the idea that neurogenesis takes place in the SCG of preás, albeit it warrants confirmation by further markers. We also hypothesise that a portfolio of other mechanisms: cell repair, maturation, differentiation and death may be equally intertwined and implicated in the numerical stability of SCG neurons during postnatal development.

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Section: Neuron Sizesupporting

confidence: 91%

SCG postnatal remodelling – hypertrophy and neuron number stability – in Spix's Yellow‐toothed Cavies (Galea spixii)

Ladd

Silva

et al. 2011

Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience

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“…Along the same lines, Ribeiro (2006) reported no changes in the average volume of capybara's SCG neurons during post‐natal development. By contrast, the mean neuronal volume increased in dog's CMG (Gagliardo et al, 2005) and in human SCG (Liutkiene et al, 2007) during post‐natal development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Asymmetric post‐natal development of superior cervical ganglion of paca (Agouti paca)

Abrahão

Nyengaard

Sasahara

et al. 2008

Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience

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Functional asymmetry has been reported in sympathetic ganglia. Although there are few studies reporting on body side-related morphoquantitative changes in sympathetic ganglion neurons, none of them have used design-based stereological methods to address this issue during post-natal development. We therefore aimed at detecting possible asymmetry-related effects on the quantitative structure of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) from pacas during ageing, using very precise design-based stereological methods. Forty (twenty left and twenty right) SCG from twenty male pacas were studied at four different ages, i.e. newborn, young, adult and aged animals. By using design-based stereological methods the total volume of ganglion and the total number of mononucleate and binucleate neurons were estimated. Furthermore, the mean perikaryal volume of mononucleate and binucleate neurons was estimated, using the vertical nucleator. The main findings of this study were: (1) the right SCG from aged pacas has more mononucleate and binucleate neurons than the left SCG in all other combinations of body side and animal age, showing the effect of the interaction between asymmetry (right side) and animal age, and (2) right SCG neurons (mono and binucleate) are bigger than the left SCG neurons (mono and binucleate), irrespective of the animal age. This shows, therefore, the exclusive effect of asymmetry (right side). At the time of writing there is still no conclusive explanation for some SCG quantitative changes exclusively assigned to asymmetry (right side) and those assigned to the interaction between asymmetry (right side) and senescence in pacas. We therefore suggest that forthcoming studies should focus on the functional consequences of SCG structural asymmetry during post-natal development. Another interesting investigation would be to examine the interaction between ganglia and their innervation targets using anterograde and retrograde neurotracers. Would differences in the size of target organs explain ganglia structural asymmetry?

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“…The stained sections were evaluated by microscopy (DM‐2500; Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Hesse, Germany). We measured the SCG neuron body (long axis), number of nuclei, and shrunken neurons in 10 random areas of each section under a microscope (DM‐2500; Leica Microsystems) and modified the measurement methods of Liutkiene, Stropus, Pilmane, and Dabuzinskiene ().…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological relationship between the superior cervical ganglion and cervical nerves in Japanese cadaver donors

2016

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IntroductionThere are various communications between the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) and the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves. However, little information exists concerning the origin of these sympathetic ganglion branches at the superior, middle, and inferior regions of the human SCG. The aim of this study was to describe the human SCG in a morphometric manner with the communication with cranial and cervical nerves and supply.MethodsThis study characterized 72 SCG samples from 54 elderly Japanese human cadavers (30 males, 24 females; 65–100 years old). The SCG size (length, width, and thickness) and location were measured from the jugular foramen. We also defined the communication branches of the SCG to the vagus, glossopharyngeal, cervical, and accessory nerves at three regions (superior, middle, and inferior regions) of the SCG. Finally, we examined the arrangement and origin of the branch communications in detail and confirmed our observations, using histological sections of the SCG.ResultsThe SCG in all cadaver donors was detected at the C2 and C3 vertebra levels. The number of SCG branches supplied the communicating branches, such as the carotid branch, communicating branch of the vagus nerve, and glossopharyngeal nerve, were frequently detected in the superior region of the SCG (χ2 = 587.72, df = 26, p < .001). The number of ganglion cells with a large number of neurons per unit area (1 mm2) was most often found in the middle region with shrunken neurons of the SCG compared with other regions.ConclusionThe communication branches of the SCG are mainly connected to the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves. Characterizing these branches can provide useful data for head and neck ganglion block and surgical treatments.

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Age-related structural and neurochemical changes of the human superior cervical ganglion

Cited by 13 publications

References 26 publications

SCG postnatal remodelling – hypertrophy and neuron number stability – in Spix's Yellow‐toothed Cavies (Galea spixii)

SCG postnatal remodelling – hypertrophy and neuron number stability – in Spix's Yellow‐toothed Cavies (Galea spixii)

Asymmetric post‐natal development of superior cervical ganglion of paca (Agouti paca)

Morphological relationship between the superior cervical ganglion and cervical nerves in Japanese cadaver donors

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