Age‐related variation in the mechanical properties of foods processed by <scp><i>S</i></scp><i>apajus libidinosus</i>

Chalk, Janine; Wright, Barth W.; Lucas, Peter W.; Schuhmacher, Katherine D.; Vogel, Erin R.; Fragaszy, Dorothy M.; Visalberghi, Elisabetta; Izar, Patrícia; Richmond, Brian G.

doi:10.1002/ajpa.22865

Cited by 44 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 72 publications

(105 reference statements)

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“…Peeling and breaking the inner tissues into pieces involved grasping the USO simultaneously with both hands and mouth and exerting force by holding, pulling, twisting and biting (see Table for combinations of behaviors observed). The USOs consumed by capuchins in FBV have very high toughness and elastic modulus compared to the other foods the monkeys consumed at this site (Chalk et al, ), and peeling and breaking them appears to require strong effort on the monkeys' part. In SCNP capuchins break, Manihot and Thiloa tubers with stones to obtain pieces small enough for consumption (Moura & Lee, )—indirect evidence that substantial force is required to fragment tubers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

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Manual skills for processing plant underground storage organs by wild bearded capuchins

Truppa

Marino

Izar

et al. 2019

American J Phys Anthropol

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Objectives: Wild Sapajus libidinosus exploit underground storage organs (USOs) that require extraction and extensive processing before consumption. Since capuchin monkeys are small-sized extractive foragers that cannot perform forceful precision grips, we expected that: (a) they would use other body parts together with their hands, (b) older (and larger) capuchins would be more efficient than younger (and smaller) ones, and (c) capuchins would invest greater effort/time to exploit USOs than other foods. Materials and Methods:We recorded 178 episodes of USO processing performed by 20 individuals. The behavior was videotaped and scored frame-by-frame.Results: We identified six sequential stages of processing: Excavation, extraction, soil removal, transport, peeling, and fragmenting the inner tissues. Capuchins made frequent use of forceful hand postures and manipulation in which the hands were strongly supported by other body parts, principally the mouth. Older capuchins were more efficient than younger individuals in pulling the USOs out of the ground. Finally, exploiting USOs was time-consuming, lasting more than 4 min per item, on average.Discussion: Despite having smaller body-mass and greater manual constraints than catarrhine extractive foragers, capuchins, even smaller individuals, mastered USO processing thanks to their behavioral flexibility and persistence. Our findings reveal that precision grips are not essential for forceful actions during complex food processing and that, unlike catarrhines, capuchins, especially adults, rarely use thumb opposition during forceful grasping of food. In contrast, extended sustained attention and varied manual behavior appear to be convergent features of platyrrhine and catarrhine extractive foragers. K E Y W O R D Sdigging behavior, extractive foraging, manual dexterity, USOs, Sapajus libidinosus

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Nutrients were estimated on dry matter basis (Santos, ). In terms of mechanical properties, USOs have very high toughness and resistance to deformation (i.e., elastic modulus; Chalk et al, ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manual skills for processing plant underground storage organs by wild bearded capuchins

Truppa

Marino

Izar

et al. 2019

American J Phys Anthropol

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“…Our last two predictions link the use of terrestrial substrates with diet and bipedal behavior. The capuchins at FBV, and other sites, have been the subject of several previous studies focused on the use of stone hammers to crack palm nuts (e.g., Visalberghi & Fragaszy, ), their use of other foods found on the ground that are difficult to access and to process (Chalk et al, ; Spagnoletti et al, ; Truppa et al, ; Wright et al, ), and their bipedal behavior when they transport stones and use them to crack nuts (Duarte, Hanna, Sanches, Liu, & Fragaszy, ; Falótico, Inaba, McGrew, & Ottoni, ; Hanna et al, ; Visalberghi et al, ). We predicted that monkeys would move bipedally primarily during transport of objects (such as nuts and hammer stones) and stand bipedally during nut‐cracking.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These behaviors primarily occur on the ground (Visalberghi & Fragaszy, ) and elicit bipedal behavior during transport of materials and during the strike (Liu et al, ; Massaro, Massa, Simpson, Fragaszy, & Visalberghi, ). They also collect many foods found on the ground or extracted from the ground (i.e., underground plant storage organs; Chalk et al, ; Spagnoletti et al, ; Truppa, Marino, Izar, Fragaszy, & Visalberghi, ; Visalberghi et al, ; Wright et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Positional behavior and substrate use in wild adult bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus)

Wright

Biondi

Visalberghi

et al. 2019

American J Primatol

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Natural selection for positional behavior (posture and locomotion) has at least partially driven the evolution of anatomical form and function in the order Primates.Examination of bipedal behaviors associated with daily activity patterns, foraging, and terrestrial habitat use in nonhuman primates, particularly those that adopt bipedal postures and use bipedal locomotion, allows us to refine hypotheses concerning the evolution of bipedalism in humans. This study describes the positional behavior of wild bearded capuchins (Sapajus libidinosus), a species that is known for its use of terrestrial substrates and its habitual use of stones as tools. Here, we test the association of terrestrial substrate use with bipedal posture and locomotion, and the influence of sex (which co-varies with body mass in adults of this species) on positional behavior and substrate use. Behavior and location of 16 wild adult bearded capuchins from two groups were sampled systematically at 15 s intervals for 2 min periods for 1 year (10,244 samples). Despite their different body masses, adult males (average 3.5 kg) and females (average 2.1 kg) in this study did not differ substantially in their positional behaviors, postures, or use of substrates for particular activities.The monkeys used terrestrial substrates in 27% of samples. Bipedal postures and behaviors, while not a prominent feature of their behavior, occurred in different forms on the two substrates. The monkeys crouched bipedally in trees, but did not use other bipedal postures in trees. While on terrestrial substrates, they also crouched bipedally but occasionally stood upright and moved bipedally with orthograde posture. Bearded capuchin monkeys' behavior supports the suggestion from anatomical analysis that S. libidinosus is morphologically better adapted than its congeners to adopt orthograde postures. K E Y W O R D S bipedality, locomotion, posture, terrestriality

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“…Although weaning is very gradual for capuchins, by 2 years of age they are responsible for feeding themselves, even if minimally equipped to do so in terms of body mass and skill. Nevertheless, young bearded capuchins eat the same foods as older members of their group [Chalk et al, ]. In captivity, female tufted capuchins reach adult mass by 6 years, and males at about 7 years [Fragaszy & Bard, ; Fragaszy & Adams‐Curtis, ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body mass in wild bearded capuchins, (Sapajus libidinosus): Ontogeny and sexual dimorphism

Fragaszy

Izar

Liu

et al. 2015

American J Primatol

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Body mass is fundamental for understanding growth, health, and aspects of life history but records of body mass are rarely available for wild primates. We documented the body mass of all individuals in a group of wild bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) at annual intervals for seven consecutive years. Sexual dimorphism in body mass was more pronounced than reported in the literature for adults in this genus: females in our sample were relatively light (average 2.1 kg), while males had average body mass (3.5 kg). Three other notable differences between males and females were evident. First, males grew more rapidly and for a longer period than females. We estimate that males attained full body mass at 9.8 years of age and females at 7.5 years. Second, males showed greater inter-individual variability than females in growth rates and adult mass. Third, males gained about 20% above their baseline body mass upon becoming alpha, and lost that amount when they lost that status, but body mass in females was unrelated to social status. We also report preliminary data on mass and age of natal males at dispersal and mass and age at first reproduction for one female. The pattern of sexual dimorphism in ontogeny and inter-individual variability in body mass in bearded capuchins suggests different competitive risks in the two sexes commensurate with a mating system characterized by female choice of mates in multi-male, multi-female groups. Am. J. Primatol. 78:473-484, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Age‐related variation in the mechanical properties of foods processed by Sapajus libidinosus

Cited by 44 publications

References 72 publications

Manual skills for processing plant underground storage organs by wild bearded capuchins

Manual skills for processing plant underground storage organs by wild bearded capuchins

Positional behavior and substrate use in wild adult bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus)

Body mass in wild bearded capuchins, (Sapajus libidinosus): Ontogeny and sexual dimorphism

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