Age, stability of the precorneal tear film and the refractive index of tears

Patel, Sudi; Boyd, Karen E.; Burns, J.

doi:10.1016/s1367-0484(00)80024-7

Cited by 35 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The mean (± standard deviation) lower TMH for normal subjects assessed with fluorescein in the present study was 0.30 ± 0.14 mm, which is similar to values found by Patel, Boyd and Burns 48 . Regarding the Schirmer scores, the average values were 23.9 ± 9.73 mm and 25.9 ±10.6 mm in the morning and afternoon, respectively, which are slightly higher than those previously reported 35 …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Comparison of the tear film clinical parameters at two different times of the day

Lira

Oliveira

Franco

2011

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

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Purpose:The aim of the present study was to analyse the quality and quantity of the tear film in a young, healthy and non-contact lens-wearing population with measurements taken in the morning and in the afternoon to establish if changes exist in these parameters. Methods: In a controlled laboratory setting, morning and afternoon clinical parameters of tear film were assessed. Schirmer test, tear meniscus height, break-up time and non-invasive break-up time were measured in 51 normal subjects on the same day for each individual. Results: Tear volume showed no significant changes during the day but tear film stability was significantly reduced at the end of the day (p < 0.001), demonstrating that tear film stability is affected by the time of day. Conclusion: Researchers and clinicians might wish to consider these differences when comparisons are made between studies and populations and also when the same patient is observed over periods. Fluorescein instillation can affect the measurements of tear stability in subjects with poor quality tear film

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Comparison of the tear film clinical parameters at two different times of the day

Lira

Oliveira

Franco

2011

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

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“…Normally, individuals under age 45 have longer tear film breakup time than do individuals over 45. 48–50 However in our XP patients, tear abnormalities were just as likely to be present in younger XP patients as older. Therefore, both the structural and functional conditions that lead to exposure of the ocular surface – entropion, ectropion, lagophthalmos, or rapid tear film breakup time and reduced baseline tear production -- appear to be present early in the course of the disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Ocular Manifestations of Xeroderma Pigmentosum

et al. 2013

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Objective Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in DNA repair genes. Clinical manifestations of XP include mild to extreme sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation resulting in inflammation and neoplasia in sun-exposed areas of the skin, mucous membranes, and ocular surfaces. This report describes the ocular manifestations of XP in patients systematically evaluated in the Clinical Center at the National Institutes of Health. Design Retrospective Observational Case Series Participants Eighty-seven participants, aged 1.3 to 63.4 years, referred to the National Eye Institute for examination from 1964 to 2011. Eighty-three had XP, 3 had XP/Cockayne Syndrome complex, and 1 had XP/trichothiodystrophy complex. Methods Complete, age- and developmental stage-appropriate ophthalmic examination. Main Outcome Measures Visual acuity; eyelid, ocular surface and lens pathology; tear film and tear production measures; and cytological analysis of conjunctival surface swabs. Results Of the 87 patients, 91% had at least one ocular abnormality. The most common abnormalities were conjunctivitis (51%), corneal neovascularization (44%), dry eye (38%), corneal scarring (26%), ectropion (25%), blepharitis (23%), conjunctival melanosis (20%), and cataracts (14%). Thirteen percent of patients had some degree of visual axis impingement and 5% had no light perception in one or both eyes. Ocular surface cancer or a history of ocular surface cancer was present in 10% of patients. Patients with an acute sunburning skin phenotype were less likely to develop conjunctival melanosis and ectropion but more likely to develop neoplastic ocular surface lesions than non-burning patients. Some patients also showed signs of limbal stem cell deficiency. Conclusions Our longitudinal study reports the ocular status of the largest group of XP patients systematically examined at one facility over an extended period of time. Structural eyelid abnormalities, neoplasms of the ocular surface and eyelids, tear film and tear production abnormalities, ocular surface disease and inflammation, as well as corneal abnormalities were present in this population. Burning and non-burning XP patients exhibit different rates of important ophthalmologic findings, including neoplasia. Additionally, ophthalmic characteristics can help refine diagnoses in the case of XP complex phenotypes. DNA repair plays major role in protection of the eye from sunlight induced damage.

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“…It was proposed that steady tear film thinning, mainly due to evaporation, eventually caused tear film breakup at different locations. Since the tear breakup time decreased with aging, 51,52 we postulate that the tear film thinning rate increases with aging. This could lead to a reduction of tear film thickness (TFT) which might skew the results in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%