“…Sense of community was overwhelmingly found to have a positive effect in 14 out of 19 quantitative studies ( Au et al, 2020 ; Chang et al, 2020 ; Cramm & Nieboer, 2014 , 2015 ; Cramm et al, 2013 ; Engel et al, 2016 ; Feng et al, 2018 ; He et al, 2020 ; Park & Lee, 2017 ; Tiraphat et al, 2017 ; Xie, 2018 ; Zhang & Li, 2019a , 2019b ; Zhang et al, 2020 ; Zhang & Zhang, 2017 ), while three studies found variable effects and two found no effect. Variability in the findings was related to the measuring instrument, as self-reported appraisals yielded more positive results than external assessments.…”