Ageing of the cardiovascular system during 33 years of aerobic exercise

Kasch, Fred W.; Boyer, John L.; Schmidt, Peter Koerver; Wells, Ruth; Wallace, Janet P.; Verity, Larry; Guy, Hagan; Schneider, Donald A.

doi:10.1093/ageing/28.6.531

Cited by 56 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The decline in cardiovascular capacity associated with aging has been well documented in prior reports, [3][4][5][6][7][8][9] including previous evaluations of the subjects who participated in the present study. 1,2 However, within this literature, there are few longitudinal evaluations over extended intervals; the mechanisms responsible for the decline in aerobic power remain poorly understood; and the degree to which the age-related changes are reversible remains unclear.…”

mentioning

confidence: 72%

A 30-Year Follow-Up of the Dallas Bed Rest and Training Study

et al. 2001

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Background-Aerobic power declines with age. The degree to which this decline is reversible remains unclear. In a 30-year longitudinal follow-up study, the cardiovascular adaptations to exercise training in 5 middle-aged men previously trained in 1966 were evaluated to assess the degree to which the age-associated decline in aerobic power is attributable to deconditioning and to gain insight into the specific mechanisms involved. Methods and Results-The cardiovascular response to acute submaximal and maximal exercise were assessed before and after a 6-month endurance training program. On average, V O 2max increased 14% (2.9 versus 3.3 L/min), achieving the level observed at the baseline evaluations 30 years before. Likewise, V O 2max increased 16% when indexed to total body mass (31 versus 36 mL/kg per minute) or fat-free mass (44 versus 51 mL/kg fat-free mass per minute). Maximal heart rate declined (181 versus 171 beats/min) and maximal stroke volume increased (121 versus 129 mL) after training, with no change in maximal cardiac output (21.4 versus 21.7 L/min); submaximal heart rates also declined to a similar degree. Maximal AVDO 2 increased by 10% (13.8 versus 15.2 vol%) and accounted for the entire improvement of aerobic power associated with training. Conclusions-One hundred percent of the age-related decline in aerobic power among these 5 middle-aged men occurring over 30 years was reversed by a 6-month endurance training program. However, no subject achieved the same maximal V O 2 attained after training 30 years earlier, despite a similar relative training load. The improved aerobic power after training was primarily the result of peripheral adaptation, with no effective improvement in maximal oxygen delivery.

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confidence: 72%

A 30-Year Follow-Up of the Dallas Bed Rest and Training Study

et al. 2001

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“…An age-related reduction in VO 2max has also been well documented in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of male and female endurance athletes undertaking high levels of endurance training into older age [11,32,40,42,48,53,56,57,71,72,78,106,108], suggesting that some decrease in VO 2max appears inevitable with aging, despite physical training into older age. However, the rates of decline in VO 2max have been reported to be reduced [54,55,78], similar [108], or greater [47,71] than age-matched sedentary individuals.…”

Section: Maximal Aerobic Powermentioning

confidence: 97%

Endurance performance in masters athletes

Reaburn

Dascombe²

2008

Eur Rev Aging Phys Act

129

151

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Masters athletes are typically older than 35 years of age and systematically train for, and compete in, organized forms of sport specifically designed for older adults. They are motivated to participate in masters sport for a wide variety of reasons. Age-related declines in endurance performance are observed across the endurance sports of running, orienteering, rowing, and swimming. These declines are curvilinear from age 35 years until approximately age 60-70 years and exponential thereafter. The decline in endurance performance appears primarily due to an age-related decrease in VO 2max secondary to an age-related decrease in HR max and possible age-related declines in stroke volume and arteriovenous oxygen difference. While performance velocity at lactate threshold decreases with age in masters endurance athletes, it appears to increase relative to VO 2max while exercise economy is maintained. There also appears an age-related decrease in active muscle mass, type II muscle fiber size, and blood volume that contribute to decreased endurance performance. However, research suggests that maintenance of training intensity and volume into older age may mediate the rate of age-related decline in VO 2max , stroke volume, arteriovenous oxygen difference, blood volume, and muscle mass in masters endurance athletes.

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“…[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] The majority of such studies have focused on elite male athletes. 12,13,16 -19 Longitudinal rates of decline of peak V O 2 in these studies have varied from 5% to Ͼ20% per decade, dependent largely on the degree to which these athletes maintained their initially intense training regimens over time.…”

Section: See P 624mentioning

confidence: 99%

Accelerated Longitudinal Decline of Aerobic Capacity in Healthy Older Adults

et al. 2005

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Background-The ability of older persons to function independently is dependent largely on the maintenance of sufficient aerobic capacity and strength to perform daily activities. Although peak aerobic capacity is widely recognized to decline with age, its rate of decline has been estimated primarily from cross-sectional studies that may provide misleading, overly optimistic estimates of aging changes. Methods and Results-To determine longitudinal rate of change in aerobic capacity and the influence of age, gender, and physical activity on these changes, we performed serial measurements of peak treadmill oxygen consumption (peak V O 2 ) in 375 women and 435 men ages 21 to 87 years from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, a community-dwelling cohort free of clinical heart disease, over a median follow-up period of 7.9 years. A linear mixed-effects regression model was used to calculate the predicted longitudinal 10-year rate of change in peak V O 2 , expressed in milliliters per minute, for each age decade from the 20s through the 70s after adjustment for self-reported leisure-time physical activity. A longitudinal decline in peak V O 2 was observed in each of the 6 age decades in both sexes; however, the rate of decline accelerated from 3% to 6% per 10 years in the 20s and 30s to Ͼ20% per 10 years in the 70s and beyond. The rate of decline for each decade was larger in men than in women from the 40s onward. Similar longitudinal rates of decline prevailed when peak V O 2 was indexed per kilogram of body weight or per kilogram of fat-free mass and in all quartiles of self-reported leisure-time physical activity. When the components of peak V O 2 were examined, the rate of longitudinal decline of the oxygen pulse (ie, the O 2 utilization per heart beat) mirrored that of peak V O 2 , whereas the longitudinal rate of heart rate decline averaged only 4% to 6% per 10 years, and accelerated only minimally with age. Conclusions-The longitudinal rate of decline in peak V O 2 in healthy adults is not constant across the age span in healthy persons, as assumed by cross-sectional studies, but accelerates markedly with each successive age decade, especially in men, regardless of physical activity habits. The accelerated rate of decline of peak aerobic capacity has substantial implications with regard to functional independence and quality of life, not only in healthy older persons, but particularly when disease-related deficits are superimposed. (Circulation. 2005;112:674-682.)

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Ageing of the cardiovascular system during 33 years of aerobic exercise

Abstract: exercise training has a favourable effect on ageing of the cardiovascular system in older men, resulting in minimal loss of oxygen uptake, no rise in resting blood pressure and no change in body composition.

Cited by 56 publications

References 18 publications

A 30-Year Follow-Up of the Dallas Bed Rest and Training Study

A 30-Year Follow-Up of the Dallas Bed Rest and Training Study

Endurance performance in masters athletes

Accelerated Longitudinal Decline of Aerobic Capacity in Healthy Older Adults

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