Aging effects in pyrrole

Linnell, Robert H.; M.T, Umar, S.T.,

doi:10.1016/0003-9861(55)90199-5

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The formation of maleimides, e.g., 6 and 13, has been observed occasionally in pyrrole photooxygenations,12'18'28-30'34 and especially in cases in which the pyrrole ß positions were substituted with one or two alkyl groups. We believe that the failure to isolate maleimides from other alkylpyrroles may be due in part to the reactivity of the unsubstituted maleimide toward 102, or its sensitivity to pH during the photooxygenation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pyrrole was prepared by the method of Josey36 by using 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran and substituting tert-butylamine for methyl anthranilate. The yield of distilled product was 35%, bp 68°(30 Torr) [lit.37 bp 74-79°(42 Torr)], as a colorless liquid which was greater than 99% pure by GLC: NMR 1.52 (s, 9 H, CH3), 6.06 (m, 2 H, C= CHCH=C), 6.73 ppm (m, 2 H, C=CHN).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2-tert-Butylpyrrole: NMR 1.27 (s, 9 H, -CH3), 5.87 (m, 1 H, =CH), 6.03 (m, 1 H, =CH), 6.65 (m, 1 H, =CH). 3-ierf-Butylpyrrole: NMR 1.27 (s, 9 H, -CH3), 6.13 (m, 1 H, =CH), 6.50 (m, 1 H, =CH), 6.61 (m, 1 H, =CH). Synthesis of 2,5-Dimethylfuran.…”

Section: Methodsunclassified

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Dye-sensitized photooxygenation of tert-butylpyrroles

Lightner¹,

Pak²

1975

J. Org. Chem.

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The isomeric 1,2 and 3-mono-tert-butylpyrroles were photooxygenated in methanol and acetone solvents using Rose Bengal and Methylene Blue singlet oxygen sensitizers. Their rates of photooxygenation are comparable to that of 2,5-dimethylfuran in methanol, but slower in acetone. Fifteen different photooxygenation products from both methanol and acetone solvents have been isolated, and their structures have been determined by spectroscopic methods. They include the expected 5-methoxy-and 5-hydroxylactams, 3-hydroxylactams, imides, pivalamide, and an unusual yellow keto lactam. The intermediate endo peroxides have been prepared at -78°and identified by low-temperature NMR.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dye-sensitized photooxygenation of tert-butylpyrroles

Lightner¹,

Pak²

1975

J. Org. Chem.

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“…Sadki et al (2000) report that a variety of plausible growth mechanisms have been proposed, and in all cases, the properties of the polymerized product are highly governed by the reaction parameters and include the specific chemical system prescribed (including pretreatment of monomer, dopant, solvent, additives), electropolymerization method (galvanostatic current density or potentiostatic field strength), reference electrode type (if any), reaction duration and vessel temperature, and finally substrate morphology and electroding technique. Pyrrole (Py) is known to react with oxygen, resulting in the production of unwanted oligomers (a process accelerated by incident radiation) (Linnell and Umar, 1955). Hence, the Py must be freshly distilled and maintained in a dark and inert environment to ensure repeatability and quality.…”

Section: Fabrication Methods For Trilayer Eap Actuatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroactive polymer actuators for active optical components

Price¹,

Naguib

Amara

2014

Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures

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Adaptive optical systems incorporate active components that compensate for wavefront aberrations introduced by optical defects. The quality of optical compensation is largely determined by the stroke of the adaptive component’s underlying actuating mechanism. Development of compact polypyrrole trilayer actuator arrays may deliver superior performance over conventional active technologies such as electrostatic electrodes or piezoelectric actuators. This study introduces a novel piston–tilt mirror apparatus that utilizes low-voltage electroactive polymer actuators to reorient a plane mirror. The design of the mirror and its ancillary systems are first reported, followed by the polymer synthesis procedure and actuator fabrication method. Finally, laser beam steering results are provided in the context of an experimental retinal imaging system. The outcomes indicate a promising future for electroactive polymer-enabled devices in adaptive optical systems with technological implications ranging from more powerful astronomical telescopes to improved retinal tissue diagnosis.

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“…Furthermore, it is well known that the Py monomer reacts with oxygen to produce undesirable oligomers in a photoaccelerated reaction. 37 Thus, to ensure repeatability, the as-received Py must be freshly distilled and preserved in an inert atmosphere devoid of incident radiation.…”

Section: Polypyrrole Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of porous membrane core elasticity and porous morphology for polypyrrole trilayer actuators

Price

Gillen

et al. 2011

Journal of Cellular Plastics

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Multilayer electroactive polymer actuators consisting of polypyrrole films electropolymerized on a passive polymer membrane core have been harnessed as a source of simple actuation. As an integral component of the actuator, the membrane plays a vital role in the transport of ionic species and largely dictates the stiffness of the layered configuration, yet in past studies the specification of the membrane has remained largely arbitrary. In this investigation, we use quasi-static and dynamic mechanical analysis to investigate the impact of the mechanical properties of the membrane on the actuation response of polypyrrole-based trilayer bending actuators. Candidate materials with distinctly varied microcellular morphologies are identified and include polyvinylidene difluoride, nylon, and nitrocellulose. The quasi-static stress-strain response and the frequency-dependent viscoelastic nature of the candidates are then evaluated. On the basis of mechanical properties these results indicate that polyvinylidene difluoride membranes are superior to the other candidates for application as trilayer actuator cores. Bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide doped polypyrrole actuators with polyvinylidene difluoride cores and nylon cores are then fabricated under various synthesis conditions and their electromechanical actuation behavior is reported.

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Aging effects in pyrrole

Cited by 7 publications

References 4 publications

Dye-sensitized photooxygenation of tert-butylpyrroles

Dye-sensitized photooxygenation of tert-butylpyrroles

Electroactive polymer actuators for active optical components

Evaluation of porous membrane core elasticity and porous morphology for polypyrrole trilayer actuators

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