Aging in the USA: similarities and disparities across time and space

Abeliansky, Ana Lucia; Erel, Devin; Strulik, Holger

doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71269-3

Cited by 24 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…An important regularity that has emerged in the literature is that the frailty index for a representative individual grows from one birthday to the next at an approximately constant rate of 2 to 4 percent from the age 20 onwards [ 2 , 3 , 6 , 12 , 13 ]. Another regularity is that women, at given age, display more health deficits than men [ 4 , 6 , 14 – 16 ] and that men develop new health deficits faster than women [ 2 , 3 , 12 , 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological aging around the World

2022

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We extract data on physiological aging by computing a frailty index for 201 countries over the period 1990–2019. Using panel estimation techniques, we show that the macro frailty index replicates basic regularities previously observed in related studies of aging at the individual level. We then use the frailty index to highlight trends of global physiological aging and its relationship to economic growth. Holding population age structure fixed, the global frailty index has on average increased by about 2 percent over the last 30 years. The average person has therefore aged by what corresponds to about one life-year of physiological aging. This overall trend is relatively similar across different geographical regions. We also document a negative relationship between physiological aging of the workforce and economic growth. According to our preferred specification, a one percent increase in the frailty index of the workforce is associated with a 1.5 percent decline of GDP per capita. This means that average annual growth of labor productivity would have been 0.1 percentage points higher without physiological aging in the period 1990-2019.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological aging around the World

2022

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“…In line with the health deficit model it was found that biologically older individuals aged at a faster rate. On average, each year increase of biological age was associated with a 5% larger deterioration of biomarkers, implying that deficits in organ systems grow exponentially at a rate of about 5%, similar to the growth of health deficits in elderly persons, which were found to grow between 3% and 5% (Abeliansky et al., 2020; Mitnitski et al., 2002a; Mitnitski & Rockwood, 2016).…”

Section: Ontogenetic Development and Childhood Health And Frailtymentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Recently, Abeliansky et al. (2020, Tab 6) found that US American men living in the North East age at the same rate as Canadians in the Mitnitski et al. (2002a) study.…”

Section: Shock Persistence and Amplification In The Health Deficit Modelmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The frailty index has an established methodology in gerontology (Searle et al, 2008) and the underlying parameters have been estimated with great precision (Abelisansky and Strulik, 2018;Mitnitski et al, 2002a). Empirically the feature of self-productivity is confirmed by the exponential (or, more generally, convex) association of health deficits with age (Abeliansky, Erel, & Strulik, 2020;Abeliansky & Strulik, 2018a, 2018bHarttgen, Kowal, Strulik, Chatterji, & Vollmer, 2013;Mitnitski et al, 2013;Mitnitski and Rockwood, 2016;Mitnitski et al, 2002a;Searle at al., 2008;Shi et al, 2011). In Supplementary Appendix A and B we discuss the features of shock depreciation and shock amplification in more detail and introduce the background literature.…”

Section: Shock Persistence and Amplification In The Health Deficit Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fetal origins—A life cycle model of health and aging from conception to death

2021

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The fetal origins hypothesis suggests that health and nutrition shocks in utero are causally related to health deficits in old age. It has received considerable empirical support, both within epidemiology and economics but so far it has not been integrated into a life cycle theory of human aging and longevity. The present study shows that the health deficit model, based on the frailty index developed in gerontology, generates shock amplification consistent with the hypothesis. In order to discuss human health over the life cycle from conception to death, we develop a theory of ontogenetic growth and health in utero and during childhood, unify it with the health deficit model of adult aging, and discuss the transmission of early-life shocks to late-life health deficit accumulation.

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“…Interestingly, men usually have a shorter life expectancy than women, suggesting men seem to age slightly faster than women ( 4 ). Considering the important effect of sex hormones on maintaining individual muscle mass, bone mass, and physical function, it is rational to speculate that sex hormones have a potential relationship with individual aging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex-Specific Associations of Testosterone and Genetic Factors With Health Span

et al. 2021

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BackgroundPrevious studies have suggested associations between testosterone, genetic factors, and a series of complex diseases, but the associations with the lifespan phenotype, such as health span, remain unclear.MethodsIn this prospective cohort study, we analyzed 145,481 men and 147,733 women aged 38–73 years old from UK Biobank (UKB) to investigate the sex-specific associations of total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (FT), or polygenic risk score (PRS) with health span termination (HST) risk. At baseline, serum testosterone levels were measured. HST was defined by eight events strongly associated with longevity. PRS, an efficient tool combining the effect of common genetic variants to discriminate genetic risk of complex phenotypes, was constructed by 12 single-nucleotide polymorphisms related to health span from UKB (P ≤ 5.0 × 10−8). We used multivariable Cox regression models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsWith a median follow-up time of 7.70 years, 26,748 (18.39%) men and 18,963 (12.84%) women had HST. TT was negatively associated with HST in men [HR per standard deviation (SD) increment of log-TT: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.88–0.97]. Inversely, both TT (HR per SD increment of log-TT: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.02–1.08) and FT (HR per SD increment of log-FT: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.05–1.11) presented an increased risk of HST in women. PRS was positively associated with HST risk (quintile 5 versus quintile 1, men, HR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.15–1.24; women, HR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.16–1.27). Moreover, men with high TT and low genetic risk showed the lowest HST risk (HR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.73–0.88), whereas HST risk for women with both high TT and genetic risk increased obviously (HR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.19–1.46). Similar joint effects were observed for FT in both genders.ConclusionsWe observed sex-specific associations that testosterone was negatively associated with HST risk in men and positively associated with HST risk in women. Genetic factors increased the HST risk, suggesting that participants with both high genetic risk and abnormal testosterone levels (high level in women or low level in men) should be the target for early intervention. Although our findings highlight the associations between testosterone and health span, further mechanistic studies and prospective trials are warranted to explore the causation behind.

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Aging in the USA: similarities and disparities across time and space

Cited by 24 publications

References 65 publications

Physiological aging around the World

Physiological aging around the World

Fetal origins—A life cycle model of health and aging from conception to death

Sex-Specific Associations of Testosterone and Genetic Factors With Health Span

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