Agmatine, the bacterial amine, is widely distributed in mammalian tissues

Raasch, Walter; Regunathan, S.; Li, G.; Reis, Donald J.

doi:10.1016/0024-3205(95)00226-v

Cited by 238 publications

(166 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Because ethanol-induced damage is independent from gastric acid secretion and caused mainly by microvascular impairment (Oates and Hakkinen, 1988), the effect of agmatine is likely to result from its ability to recruit protective factors (see below) and enhance mucosal defense. It is of importance that agmatine was effective in picoand nanomolar doses, which corresponds to its brain concentration in rats (Raasch et al, 1995;Zhu et al, 2008). This suggests that agmatine is able to modulate gastric mucosal integrity under physiological conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for the gastric cytoprotective effect of centrally injected agmatine

Zádori

Tóth

Fehér

et al. 2014

Brain Research Bulletin

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for the gastric cytoprotective effect of centrally injected agmatine

Zádori

Tóth

Fehér

et al. 2014

Brain Research Bulletin

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“…2 is widely distributed in mammalian tissue (1,2) and may act as a hormone affecting multiple metabolic functions (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8). We demonstrated previously that addition of Agm to a liver perfusion system significantly stimulated oxygen consumption and synthesis of 15 Nlabeled NAG and urea from 15 N-labeled glutamine (9).…”

Section: Agmatine (Agm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Agmatine Stimulates Hepatic Fatty Acid Oxidation

Nissim

Daikhin

Nissim

et al. 2006

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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We demonstrated previously in a liver perfusion system that agmatine increases oxygen consumption as well as the synthesis of N-acetylglutamate and urea by an undefined mechanism. In this study our aim was to identify the mechanism(s) by which agmatine up-regulates ureagenesis. We hypothesized that increased oxygen consumption and N-acetylglutamate and urea synthesis are coupled to agmatine-induced stimulation of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. We used 13 Clabeled fatty acid as a tracer in either a liver perfusion system or isolated mitochondria to monitor fatty acid oxidation and the incorporation of

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“…Agmatine is widely distributed in mammalian tissue [5,22] including brain where it is unevenly distributed in various regions and enriched in subcortical regions [21]. Although the physiological functions of agmatine in the brain is still not clear, accumulating evidence indicates several pharmacological actions of agmatine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Agmatine reduces extracellular glutamate during pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in rat brain: A potential mechanism for the anticonvulsive effects

Feng

LeBlanc

Regunathan

2005

Neuroscience Letters

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Glutamate has been implicated in the initiation and spread of seizure activity. Agmatine, an endogenous neuromodulator, is an antagonist of NMDA receptors and has anticonvulsive effects. Whether agmatine regulate glutamate release, as measured by in vivo microdialysis, is not known. In this study, we used pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure model to determine the effect of agmatine on extracellular glutamate in rat brain. We also determined the time course and the amount of agmatine that reached brain after peripheral injection. After i.p. injection of agmatine (50 mg/kg), increase of agmatine in rat cortex and hippocampus was observed in 15 min with levels returning to baseline in one hour. Rats, naïve and implanted with microdialysis cannula into the cortex, were administered PTZ (60 mg/kg, i.p.) with prior injection of agmatine (100 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline. Seizure grades were recorded and microdialysis samples were collected every 15 min for 75 min. Agmatine pre-treatment significantly reduced the seizure grade and increased the onset time. The levels of extracellular glutamate in frontal cortex rose two-to three-fold after PTZ injection and agmatine significantly inhibited this increase. In conclusion, the present data suggest that the anticonvulsant activity of agmatine, in part, could be related to the inhibition glutamate release. KeywordsAgmatine; Pentylenetetrazole; Glutamate; Microdialysis; Seizures Agmatine is an amine, synthesized by decarboxylation of Larginine by arginine decarboxylase (ADC) [16,23]. Agmatine is widely distributed in mammalian tissue [5,22] including brain where it is unevenly distributed in various regions and enriched in subcortical regions [21]. Although the physiological functions of agmatine in the brain is still not clear, accumulating evidence indicates several pharmacological actions of agmatine. The facts that agmatine binds to NMDA receptors [25], selectively blocks NMDA receptor channels in neurons [19,30] and localized in excitatory synapses in hippocampus [24] suggest that agmatine could regulate glutamatergic neurotransmission. Moreover, agmatine inhibits the release of vasopressin in neurohypophysis [29] and norepinephrine from perivascular nerve terminals [9], suggesting a pre-synaptic action regulating the release of neuro-transmitters. Functional effects such as protection against ischemic neuronal injury [4,6,8,12,19,32,33] In initial experiments, we administered agmatine to rats (50 mg/kg, i.p.) and measured the levels of agmatine in cortex and hippocampus at different time points. Rat brain regions were dissected out and processed for HPLC measurement of agmatine as described earlier [5]. A typical HPLC chromatogram of agmatine is shown in Fig. 1 for cortex samples prepared from 15 min, 1 and 2 h after agmatine injection. Agmatine values from cortex and hippocampus at all time points after agmatine injection are shown in Table 1. The levels of agmatine in cortex and hippocampus increased to two-to four-fold at 15 min, started to decrease at 30 min ...

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Agmatine, the bacterial amine, is widely distributed in mammalian tissues

Cited by 238 publications

References 21 publications

Evidence for the gastric cytoprotective effect of centrally injected agmatine

Evidence for the gastric cytoprotective effect of centrally injected agmatine

Agmatine Stimulates Hepatic Fatty Acid Oxidation

Agmatine reduces extracellular glutamate during pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in rat brain: A potential mechanism for the anticonvulsive effects

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