Agonistic behavior during stress prevents the development of learned helplessness in rats

Zhukov, D. A.; Vinogradova, E. P.

doi:10.1007/bf02461969

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…For example, winners of aggressive conflicts have reduced physiological consequences of stress: lower CORT levels (Haller et al, 1998), fewer gastric ulcers, and reduced secretion of stress-induced noradrenaline (NA) (Tanaka et al, 1998). Moreover, rats allowed to fight in response to inescapable shock presentations avoided the detrimental effects of learned helplessness (Zhukov & Vinogradova, 1998). Lastly, the ability to displace aggression onto a third party has also been correlated with a more desirable physiological stress-profile in free-ranging baboons (Sapolsky & Ray, 1989).…”

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Chronic immobilization stress alters aspects of emotionality and associative learning in the rat.

Wood¹,

Norris²,

Waters³

et al. 2008

Behavioral Neuroscience

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Chronic stress significantly alters limbic neuroarchitecture and function, and potentiates emotionality in rats. Chronic restraint stress (CRS) increases aggression among familiar rats, potentiates anxiety, and enhances fear conditioning. Chronic immobilization stress (CIS) induces anxiety behavior and dendritic hypertrophy in the basolateral amygdala, which persist beyond a recovery period. However, little else is known about the emotional impact of CIS as a model of chronic stress or depression. Therefore, the authors present two experiments examining emotional and learned responses to CIS. In Experiment I, the authors examine individual differences in behaviors during and after CIS, specifically: struggling, aggression, learned helplessness, inhibitory avoidance, and escape behavior. In Experiment II, the authors confirm the effects of CIS on aggression and struggling during immobilization, and correlate individual responses with aspects of conditioned fear. Here the authors report significant effects of CIS on aggression, inhibitory avoidance, escape, as well as learned aspects of fear (i.e., fear conditioning) and inescapable stress (i.e., struggling and helplessness). These results emphasize the emotional and learned responses to CIS evident during and after the stress treatment, as well as the importance of individual differences.

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confidence: 99%

Chronic immobilization stress alters aspects of emotionality and associative learning in the rat.

Wood¹,

Norris²,

Waters³

et al. 2008

Behavioral Neuroscience

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“…There has been a great deal of research done on the mechanisms that reduce the helplessness deficits. These include: (1) the presentation of predictable stimuli (Jackson & Minor, 1988); (2) immunization phases with escapable and predictable stimuli (Ferrándiz & Pardo, 1990; Troisi, Bersh, Stromberg, Mauro, & Whitehouse 1991); (3) administration of certain drugs prior to exposure to uncontrollable events (Drugan, Ryan, Minor, & Maier, 1984; Scheggi, Masi, Tagliamonte, Gambarana, Tolu, & De Montis, 2000; Woodson, Minor, & Job, 1998); (4) agonistic behaviour during unavoidable stress that prevents the development of pathological changes in adaptive behaviour (learned helplessness) and changes in the endocrine system (Zhukov & Vinogradova, 1998); (5) feedback stimuli for responses during the testing (Warren, Rossellini & Maier, 1989); and (6) prevention training in human identification of automatic negative thoughts, distraction techniques, behavioural activation strategies, etc. (Seligman, Schulman, DeRubeis, & Hollons, 1999).…”

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Immunization and facilitation produced by predictable and controllable aversive events alternating with different duration unpredictable and uncontrollable aversive events

2006

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T his investigation examined whether immunization to learned helplessness is more effective through predictable and controllable events alternating with inescapable and unpredictable events of different duration, than through experiences with only controllable and predictable events. Prior experience with intermittent success resulted in greater immunization than experience with consistent success. Forty-two male Wistar rats were distributed at random to one of the six groups (n 5 7 each). In groups M-20, M-40, and M-80, uncontrollable and unpredictable episodes of shocks with three levels of duration were intermixed with controllable and predictable events: short mixed immunization, 20 trials; moderate mixed immunization, 40 trials; and long mixed immunization, 80 trials. Group C-U received immunization treatment with only controllable and predictable events; C-NT was the control group and received controllability training but with no uncontrollable and unpredictable footshock; and group NT-U received basic learned helplessness treatment. In the test phase, all the subjects were exposed to escape/avoidance training. The results demonstrated the greater efficacy of immunization in groups M-20 and M-40 (short and moderate mixed immunization), in terms of significant differences in latency of response relative to groups M-80 (long mixed immunization) and C-U (standard immunization), while the behaviour of groups M-80 and C-U was similar. All immunization (mixed and standard) groups presented a shorter latency than group NT-U (no immunization). These data were discussed according to the ''dual-expectancy hypothesis,'' the ''interference hypothesis,'' the ''anxiety hypothesis,'' and the ''reactance theory.'' C ette recherche a examiné dans quelle mesure l'immunisation à la résignation acquise est plus efficace lors d'événements prédictibles et contrô lables alternant avec des événements inévitables et non prédictibles, de différentes durées, que lors d'événements contrô lables et prédictibles seulement. Une expérience précédente menant à un succès intermittent a résulté en une plus grande immunisation qu'une expérience menant à un succès constant. Quarante-deux rats Wistar males ont été répartis au hasard dans six groupes (n 5 7 chacun). Pour trois groupes, des épisodes incontrô lables et non prédictibles de chocs ont été mélangés avec des événements contrô lables et prédictibles, avec trois niveaux de durée pour le premier traitement: immunisation courte mixte de 20 essais (groupe M-20), immunisation modérée mixte de 40 essais (groupe M-40) et immunisation longue mixte de 80 essais (groupe M-80). En ce qui a trait aux trois autres groupes, un a reçu un traitement d'immunisation avec seulement des événements contrô lables et prédictibles (groupe C-U); un autre fut considéré comme groupe contrô le et a reçu un entraînement de contrô labilité mais sans recevoir de choc incontrô lable et non prédictible (groupe C-NT) et; un dernier groupe a reçu un traitement de base de résignation acquise (groupe NT-U). Dans la phase d...

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“…Indeed, it appears that any responses that produce a salient environmental change during exposure to IAS tend to prevent the development of LH. This includes control of the intensity of the shock (Alloy & Bersh, 1979) or access to another animal to aggress towards during IAS (Zhukov & Vinogradova, 1998). If responses do not produce a detectable environmental change (e.g., extinction), the second part of the bi-phasic response occurs.…”

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An Evaluation of the Effects of Trauma-Related Stimuli on Behavior during Preference Assessments and Functional Analysis with People with Intellectual Disabilities

Houck

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People with intellectual disabilities (ID) face a high risk of experiencing adverse events including abuse, neglect, and serious medical issues. Access to effective interventions for people with moderate to severe ID is limited because of communication deficits that are characteristic of this population. Some of the negative effects of exposure to trauma for people with ID can include increases in problem behaviors. Behavior analysts have developed robust assessments and treatments to address these problem behaviors for people with ID; however, when these behaviors arise after a traumatic event, specialized assessments may be necessary to ensure effective treatment and decreased risk of re-traumatization. Specifically, if trauma-related stimuli (TRS) differentially affect preferences and functions of behavior, assessments of the effects of these stimuli may be critical to mitigate those effects. In my first experiment I found that TRS differentially affected behavior (including heartrate) during preferences assessments. In my second experiment I found that TRS differentially affected heartrate and the function of problem behavior for two of three participants. I discuss implications of these findings, including 1) that measuring some of the physiological effects of TRS using commercially available heart rate monitors could improve behavior analytic assessments for people with potential trauma histories; and 2) the presence of TRS can differentially affect the function of problem behavior in such a way that treatment plans developed and evaluated in either the presence or absence of TRS may be ineffective in the alternate setting.

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Agonistic behavior during stress prevents the development of learned helplessness in rats

Cited by 9 publications

References 15 publications

Chronic immobilization stress alters aspects of emotionality and associative learning in the rat.

Chronic immobilization stress alters aspects of emotionality and associative learning in the rat.

Immunization and facilitation produced by predictable and controllable aversive events alternating with different duration unpredictable and uncontrollable aversive events

An Evaluation of the Effects of Trauma-Related Stimuli on Behavior during Preference Assessments and Functional Analysis with People with Intellectual Disabilities

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