“…However, prior to the Ukraine-Russia war, Granger causality did not demonstrate an imbalanced link between positive and negative shocks to oil prices and positive and negative shocks to food inflation. This results are consistent with Abay et al (2023), Al-Rousan et al (2024, Bagchi & Paul, 2023;Hanif et al, 2024;He et al, 2023;Hamulczuk et al, 2023;Headey & Hirvonen, 2023;Kilfoyle, 2023;Lin et al, 2023;Raga et al, 2024;Rashad et al, 2023;Tass et al, 2024;Zhang et al, 2024. According to Al-Rousan et al (2024, Kim (2022), andPaudel et al (2023) explain that the war is between Russia and Ukraine significantly correlated with food, cereals, meat, and oils prices, with WTI and Brent crude showing a strong relationship.…”