2011
DOI: 10.1007/s10646-011-0658-5
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Agricultural intensity in ovo affects growth, metamorphic development and sexual differentiation in the Common toad (Bufo bufo)

Abstract: Pollution was cited by the Global Amphibian Assessment to be the second most important cause of amphibian decline worldwide, however, the effects of the agricultural environment on amphibians are not well understood. In this study, spawn from Bufo bufo was taken from four sites in England and Wales with varying intensities of arable agriculture. Spawn was either placed in tanks containing aged tap water (ex-situ, five replicates) or in cages at the native site (caged, five replicates). Hatching success, abnorm… Show more

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Cited by 35 publications
(26 citation statements)
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“…However, the mechanistics of EDC impact in molluscs remains an area where more research effort is required. Besides exposure to STW effluents and generalised estuarine pollution, endocrine disruption in a range of species has been reported to be associated with agriculture (McCoy et al, 2008;Orton and Routledge, 2011); aquaculture (Ford et al, 2007); pharmaceutical manufacture (Sanchez et al, 2011); paper mill effluent (Pollock et al, 2010) and urbanisation (Schultz et al, 2013;Skelly et al, 2010). Given the very broad range of agricultural activities, industry, urbanisation and population density within the catchments bordering the Channel region; the superimposition of natural variables such as rainfall, run-off, hydrodynamic regimes and sediment dynamics; together with the wide range of potential causative chemicals, it is perhaps not surprising that such complex patterns of intersex in S. plana were apparent across the survey area.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, the mechanistics of EDC impact in molluscs remains an area where more research effort is required. Besides exposure to STW effluents and generalised estuarine pollution, endocrine disruption in a range of species has been reported to be associated with agriculture (McCoy et al, 2008;Orton and Routledge, 2011); aquaculture (Ford et al, 2007); pharmaceutical manufacture (Sanchez et al, 2011); paper mill effluent (Pollock et al, 2010) and urbanisation (Schultz et al, 2013;Skelly et al, 2010). Given the very broad range of agricultural activities, industry, urbanisation and population density within the catchments bordering the Channel region; the superimposition of natural variables such as rainfall, run-off, hydrodynamic regimes and sediment dynamics; together with the wide range of potential causative chemicals, it is perhaps not surprising that such complex patterns of intersex in S. plana were apparent across the survey area.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In particular, the mortality rate was highest at the hatching and metamorphosis stages. On the other hand, Orton and Routledge [27] found low hatching failures and larval mortality in the common toad ( Bufo bufo ; an anuran that deposit its eggs in water), but high mortality at these stages when eggs and tadpoles were caged within their breeding sites ( i.e. , the natural environment).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Intersex has also been reported in amphibians such as toads ( Bufo bufo , Orton and Routledge [2011]; Bufo marinus , McCoy et al [2008]) based on an increased prevalence of the condition in contaminated versus noncontaminated areas. In Bufo marinus , increased agricultural intensity was directly correlated with altered gonadal morphology, reduced testosterone levels, demasculinization (i.e.…”
Section: Intersexualitymentioning
confidence: 99%