Agricultural policy reforms: Roles of markets and states in China and India

Abstract

Market reforms have been given much of the credit for China's spectacular growth performance. This paper looks at China's reform process systematically, along with India's, and argues that the Chinese state has played a key role in transforming China into a modern economic state, deploying unlimited supplies of labor and combining it with a variety of initiatives in a pragmatic, nonideological way to promote public and private investment and create productive employment in agricultural, manufacturing, and service sectors. In contrast, India's reforms have been sporadic and are still a work in progress. The record-breaking expansion of China's financial system in fostering investments was initially overlooked, but has attracted considerable attention in recent years. Is China unique, or are lessons from the Chinese experience for public policy and its sequencing transferrable to agricultural and structural transformation in countries lagging behind, including India?

COVID-19, Agriculture, and Food Security in Indonesia

“…Mukhopadhyay (2020) described India supporting its farmers with compensation for lost crops and by purchasing unsold agricultural produce. In addition to these emergency strategies to save farmers, Lele and Goswami (2020) suggested that input subsidy and investment could help. Furthermore, after the initial impact of the pandemic, farmers have been confused regarding which crops can be sold during this pandemic (Benton, 2020) and, upon returning to work, employee shortage has presented further issues, especially due to people staying home to prevent getting infected by COVID-19 (Greenville et al, 2020).…”

“…The government plays an important role in protecting the price and system through regulations (Lele and Goswami, 2020). Food security is closely related to trade, demand, and price (Sulser et al, 2011).…”

Probe into the targeted poverty mitigation policy in China based on causal inference: Evidence from Chongqing in the Three Gorges Reservoir region

“…From the view of sustainability of poverty alleviation policies, related policies have substantially boosted the individual net earnings of households, and the effects of poverty alleviation have continued over time [5][6][7]. Market-based reforms have reduced rural poverty [8]. Market incentives and services can improve the lives of people in poverty-stricken areas.…”

A Review on Policy Gaps of Agriculture Research and Development (R&D) in India and Their Effect on Agriculture Stakeholders

“…Agriculture is one of the main domains of public interest to ensure food security, which is basically a permanent demand driven approach. Therefore, there exist ample investment protocols, incentives, strategies and platforms due to its substantive interest and less risk factors [1]. However, the current policies in India lacks incentives for private investment in agriculture R&D of India due to austerity by government in creating a niche and transparent environment for private stakeholders to invest in agriculture R&D [2].…”

“…Commercialization of agriculture will incentivize the privatization but its spurring behavior will be facilitated with appropriate regulations, liberalization policies, trained manpower, amenable agriculture scientists with transparent protocol and fiscal policies for sharing benefits and resources (Fig. 1) [1,2]. The international donors like United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), World Bank, National Agricultural Research Project (NARP), National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP) and many more have significantly contributed to agriculture R&D during Green revolution period.…”