“…Baležentis et al (2020) also suggested that policies to improve land productivity, land-use intensity, and the mobility of agricultural labor should be introduced to enhance China's agricultural labor productivity. Agricultural capital or subsidy inputs can improve agricultural production conditions (Nishida, 2014;Garrone et al, 2019), and also accelerate the use of capital to replace labor (Sheng et al, 2016), which in turn accelerates improvements in labor productivity (Caunedo & Keller, 2021). The labor supply can be affected by immigration policies, which not only redistribute labor between agriculture and nonagriculture (Emerick, 2018;Wang & Benjamin, 2019), but also affect the demand for low-skilled workers in labor-intensive agriculture (Devadoss et al, 2020).…”