Agricultural wages in India: trends and determinants

Kumar, Sanjay; Anwer, Md Ejaz; Immanuelraj, T K; Kumar, Sumant; Singh, H P; Mishra, Sarba Narayan; Sarkar, S K

doi:10.5958/0974-0279.2020.00008.7

Cited by 15 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…This is even higher than that predicted for Below Poverty Line households in April (61%) in one previous study (Totapally et al 2020 ), but similar to that reported in the World Vegetable Center study (90% of farms seeing a drop in income, including 60% seeing a drop by more than half) (Harris et al 2020 ). Prior to COVID-19, agricultural wages in India were increasing: average daily wages for farm labor doubled from 83.50 INR (~$1.10) in 1995–96 to 167.50 INR (~$2.22) in 2016–17, and wages for non-farm labor grew by 74% from 140.80 INR (~$1.86) in 1995–96 to 245.00 INR (~$3.24) in 2016–17 (Kumar and Anwer 2020 ). However, since 2014–15, there has been some stagnation in both farm and non-farm labor wage rates (Kumar and Anwer 2020 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prior to COVID-19, agricultural wages in India were increasing: average daily wages for farm labor doubled from 83.50 INR (~$1.10) in 1995–96 to 167.50 INR (~$2.22) in 2016–17, and wages for non-farm labor grew by 74% from 140.80 INR (~$1.86) in 1995–96 to 245.00 INR (~$3.24) in 2016–17 (Kumar and Anwer 2020 ). However, since 2014–15, there has been some stagnation in both farm and non-farm labor wage rates (Kumar and Anwer 2020 ). Nonetheless, ~80% of wage-earning households reporting a loss in wage income since the lockdown in our sample is unprecedented.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on agricultural production, livelihoods, and food security in India: baseline results of a phone survey

et al. 2021

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on agricultural production, livelihoods, food security, and dietary diversity in India. Phone interview surveys were conducted by trained enumerators across 12 states and 200 districts in India from 3 to 15 May 2020. A total of 1437 farmers completed the survey (94% male; 28% 30–39 years old; 38% with secondary schooling). About one in ten farmers (11%) did not harvest in the past month with primary reasons cited being unfavorable weather (37%) and lockdown-related reasons (24%). A total of 63% of farmers harvested in the past month (primarily wheat and vegetables), but only 44% had sold their crop; 12% were still trying to sell their crop, and 39% had stored their crop, with more than half (55%) reporting lockdown-related issues as the reason for storing. Seventy-nine percent of households with wage-workers witnessed a decline in wages in the past month and 49% of households with incomes from livestock witnessed a decline. Landless farmers were about 10 times more likely to skip a meal as compared to large farmers (18% versus 2%), but a majority reported receiving extra food rations from the government. Nearly all farmers reported consuming staple grains daily in the past week (97%), 63% consumed dairy daily, 40% vegetables daily, 26% pulses daily, and 7% fruit daily. These values are much lower than reported previously for farmers in India around this time of year before COVID-19: 94–95% dairy daily, 57–58% pulses daily, 64–65% vegetables daily, and 42–43% fruit daily. In conclusion, we found that the COVID-19 lockdown in India has primarily impacted farmers’ ability to sell their crops and livestock products and decreased daily wages and dietary diversity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on agricultural production, livelihoods, and food security in India: baseline results of a phone survey

et al. 2021

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“…Labour is one of the major components of crop production and livestock products. Due to the labour-intensive nature of agricultural operations, labour cost makes up 40% of the total production cost [1]. The majority of labourers in India work on farms, and they rely on agricultural wages to support their families.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Agricultural Labour Wages Using Vector Error Correction Model: An Integrated Approach to Environment and Climate Change

Jammugani

Yashavanth²,

Kallakuri³

et al. 2022

IJECC

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This study attempted to explore the interactive relations among agricultural labour wage rates in five neighbouring Indian states viz., Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamilnadu Telangana and Chhattisgarh using monthly time series data of 2005-2020. The objective of this study was to examine the degree of integration among wage rates of agricultural labourers in neighbouring states. Integration with outside markets may partly mitigate the costs of climate change, as individuals respond to warming temperature by migrating to urban areas and internationally in search of employment. We built vector error correction model (VECM) by conducting stationarity test and cointegration test. The Granger Causality test was employed to check whether the wage rates among different states influence each other. For building the VEC Model, the complete data set (180 data points) was split into training (168 data points) and testing (12 data points) data sets. The nonstationarity of the data was established by the Augmented Dickey Fuller test. For the purpose of forecasting, VECM (1) was built and tested for goodness of fit using Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) which were found to be < 10% for all the states suggesting good fit of the VECM model. A growing body of literature suggests that the economic costs of climate change may be substantial and far‐reaching, impacting agriculture, mortality, labour productivity, economic growth, civil conflict and migration.

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“…High operational cost is other issue in cotton cultivation, and it was ₹44036.4/ha during TE 2017-18 in Haryana. The expenditure on human labour, seed and machinery are the primary reasons for high operational cost, accounting for about two-third to three-fourth of total operational expenses (Kumar et al 2020). Because of high operational costs, cotton growers seek production systems that use inputs efficiently to achieve higher profitability.…”

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confidence: 99%

Resource use efficiency in cotton production in Palwal district of Haryana

Kumar

Jain

et al. 2021

Indian J Agri Sci

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This paper examines productivity, profitability and resource use efficiency of cotton production in Palwal district of Haryana (India). The study is based on primary data collected from a total of 120 farmers selected randomly using two-stage sampling and data related to agricultural year 2017-18. Analytical tools like farm business analysis and production function approach is applied to summarise data. Results have revealed that large farms were more productive and earned higher profit from cotton production than small and medium farms. The regression results have shown that factors like human labour, phosphatic fertilizer, farm machinery and zinc had positive and significant impacts on cotton yield. The MVP of human labour, and phosphatic fertilizer were greater than unity indicating underutilization. However, other resources were applied in excess and suggested to utilize optimally to improve the yield of cotton.

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Agricultural wages in India: trends and determinants

Cited by 15 publications

References 3 publications

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on agricultural production, livelihoods, and food security in India: baseline results of a phone survey

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on agricultural production, livelihoods, and food security in India: baseline results of a phone survey

Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Agricultural Labour Wages Using Vector Error Correction Model: An Integrated Approach to Environment and Climate Change

Resource use efficiency in cotton production in Palwal district of Haryana

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