Agriculture and Environmental Kuznets Curves in the case of Turkey: evidence from the ARDL and bounds test

Abstract

Th e paper empirically analyses the long run relationship between agricultural performance and the carbon dioxide emission in Turkey by using the annual data covering . Th e Bounds test approach for the co-integration and ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) method are employed to show the existence of long-term relationship between the carbon dioxide emission and its determinants in this country. Th e results consistent with the Environmental Kuznets Curves (EKC) hypothesis show that the real GDP has a signifi cant positive impact on the carbon emission and its square has a signifi cant negative impact on the carbon emission both in the short run and long run. Th e results also show that agriculture has a signifi cant negative impact on the carbon dioxide emission level in both periods. Consequently, the fi ndings suggest that the policies or reforms that are increasing or supporting agricultural production may help to decrease the carbon dioxide emission levels of the countries.

Modeling the Effects of Agricultural Innovation and Biocapacity on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in an Agrarian-Based Economy: Evidence From the Dynamic ARDL Simulations

“…Moreover, we found that after taking the first lag of agricultural value-added, its effect on CO 2 emissions was negative, indicating that the historical effects of agricultural value-added underpin CO 2 emissions mitigation. The negative relationship between agriculture and CO 2 emissions is supported by a finding documented for 53 countries in the world (Rafiq et al, 2016); five MENA countries (Ben Jebli and Ben Youssef, 2017), and Turkey (Dogan, 2016). Furthermore, the influence of biocapacity on CO 2 emissions is negative, inelastic and substantial in the long run while in the short run, it is negative, elastic and significant.…”

“…In this study, we incorporated agricultural and biocapacity variables into the standard EKC framework. This is because, agricultural activities and biocapacity of a country could contribute or mitigate the rate of carbon emissions as documented in the earlier studies by Dogan (2016), . Therefore, our model will be expressed as follows:…”

“…Unlike most studies, very few pieces of extant literature tested for the EKC by exogenizing agricultural production. For example, evidence of EKC with agriculture reducing the level of CO 2 emissions in Turkey was reported (Dogan, 2016). Gagnon et al (2016) divulged that agriculture has no impact significantly on emissions of carbon dioxide in Canada.…”

Research on Agricultural Carbon Emissions and Regional Carbon Emissions Reduction Strategies in China

“…For example, the Rodale Institute, led by David Pimental, a well-known professor of ecology at Cornell University, conducted the Farming System Trial on three plots-a traditional intensive agriculture (fertilizers) plot, an organic agriculture (manure) plot, and a legume rotation organic agriculture (plant nitrogen fixation) plot-to analyze the differences in energy input, soil organic matter, water quality, biological resources, production level, and labor input from 1981 to 2002. This experiment provided important data for estimating the potential of agricultural carbon emission reduction and analyzing the cost of emission reduction from an economic perspective [25].…”

“…Besides, the perspective of input-output, which takes electricity consumption into consideration, has been used by some scholars to measure the agricultural carbon emissions in Chongqing [23]. Recently, further research has been undertaken on the carbon emissions of livestock and poultry, including cows, sheep, goats, pigs, chickens, and ducks [24,25].…”