Agro-climatic requirements and reproductive potentials of pistachio pollinator specimens grown in warm area in North Africa

Climate change impacts on temperate fruit and nut production: a systematic review

“…For temperate fruit and nut trees, adequate winter chill and heat accumulation are critical requirements for satisfactory commercial production ( Gordo and Sanz, 2009 ; Cerutti et al., 2011 ; Luedeling et al., 2013 ; Darbyshire et al., 2016 ; Horikoshi et al., 2018 ; Fadon et al., 2020 ; Fernandez et al., 2020a ; del Barrio et al., 2022 ). Insufficient winter chill and increasing heat during key phenological stages can affect important physiological processes, leading to non-uniform flowering ( El Yaacoubi et al., 2014 ; Orlandi et al., 2014 ; Legave et al., 2015 ; Funes et al., 2016 ; Elloumi et al., 2024 ), delayed bud formation ( Bonhomme et al., 2005 ; El Yaacoubi et al., 2016 ; Yi et al., 2020 ; Barba-Espin et al., 2022 ), abnormal bud-break ( Bonhomme et al., 2005 ), fruit set reduction ( Hedhly et al., 2007 ; Ruiz and Egea, 2008 ; Benlloch-Gonzalez et al., 2018 ; Egea et al., 2022 ), and ultimately reduced yield potential ( Benmoussa et al., 2018 ; Moriondo et al., 2019 ; Mujahid et al., 2020 ; Fernandez et al., 2021 ). The literature reports a consistent decline in winter chill in all warm temperate climate regions around the world, which explains the high research interest in this topic.…”