Agronomic conditions of cacao cultivation: its relationship with the capitals endowment of Colombian rural households

Hernández-Núñez, Héctor Eduardo; Gutiérrez-Montes, Isabel; Sánchez-Acosta, José Ramiro; Rodríguez-Suárez, Leonardo; García, Gustavo Adolfo Gutiérrez; Suárez, Juan Carlos; Casanoves, Fernando

doi:10.1007/s10457-020-00556-9

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Sin embargo, esta afirmación sólo es válida parcialmente, ya que la competencia con el cultivo principal puede poner en peligro los beneficios de los SAF (Tschora & Cherubini, 2020). En tal sentido, varios autores señalan que mayor sombra y diversidad de especies en SAF de cacao y café intensifica el ataque de plagas y enfermedades (Sonwa et al, 2005;Sonwa, Weise, Nkongmeneck, Tchatat, & Janssens, 2016;Soto & Jiménez, 2018;Avelino et al, 2020;Hernández et al, 2020), lo que motiva la tumba de especies acompañantes (Vaast & Somarriba, 2014), disminuyendo las reservas de carbono (Soto & Jiménez, 2018). No obstante, Altieri, & Toledo (2011) afirman que los policultivos reducen las pérdidas generadas por las malezas, insectos y enfermedades, sin embargo, esta afirmación está ligada estrictamente al control natural.…”

Section: Sapotaceaeunclassified

“…No obstante, Altieri, & Toledo (2011) afirman que los policultivos reducen las pérdidas generadas por las malezas, insectos y enfermedades, sin embargo, esta afirmación está ligada estrictamente al control natural. En complemento, Hernández et al (2020) encontraron que, para el caso del cultivo de cacao, cuando el productor hace un adecuado manejo del cultivo, se puede tener un alto dosel de sombra, aumentado los servicios ecosistémicos y teniendo buenos rendimientos de grano de cacao; pero, cuando el productor no hace un adecuado manejo en el cultivo, a mayor sombra, mayor afectación de plagas y enfermedades. En el caso los SPP, las dificultades radican en la dificultad en los procesos de adopción por parte de los productores (Buitrago et al, 2018;Soto & Jiménez, 2018), dificultades generadas principalmente por el aumento de mano de obra, acciones de planificación y capacitación, además, del alto costo inicial para el establecimiento (Ávila & Revollo, 2014).…”

Section: Sapotaceaeunclassified

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Almacenamiento de carbono en sistemas agroforestales en los Llanos Orientales de Colombia

Hernández-Núñez¹,

Andrade²,

Suárez³

et al. 2021

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Introducción: Los cultivos de café, cacao y pasturas para la ganadería son actividades agropecuarias de interés económico en Colombia. Cuando estas actividades se desarrollan bajo sistemas agroforestales (SAF) promueven la conservación e incrementan la fijación de carbono y, por ende, la mitigación del cambio climático. Objetivo: El estudio estimó el almacenamiento de carbono en la biomasa aérea, necromasa y carbono orgánico del suelo bajo SAF con cacao (SAF cacao), SAF con café (café SAF), sistemas silvopastoriles (SSP) y bosque en el municipio de Mesetas, Meta (Colombia). Métodos: Se establecieron 44 parcelas de muestreo, en donde se tomaron medidas dasométricas a individuos con un diámetro del tronco a la altura del pecho (dap) ≥ 2.5 cm (latizales, fustales y fustales grandes), cuyos valores fueron transformados a carbono con modelos de biomasa y una fracción de carbono default. En los tres sistemas agropecuarios, se contó el número de árboles de cacao, café, plantas asociadas y se identificó el tipo de uso (maderable, alimento, combustión). Resultados: El almacenamiento de carbono presentó diferencias significativas (P < 0.0001) entre usos del suelo. La mayor acumulación se encontró en bosque, con 216.6 t C ha-1, superando en 59, 72 y 73 % a SAF cacao, SSP y SAF café, respectivamente. Fabaceae, Lauraceae y Primulaceae presentaron el mayor almacenamiento de carbono. En SAF cacao, la mayor acumulación de carbono fue encontrada en especies para alimento humano; en SAF café y SSP, el mayor almacenamiento fue presentado en las especies maderables. Conclusión: Estos resultados resaltan el potencial de almacenamiento de carbono en los sistemas productivos de mayor importancia en el departamento del Meta, lo cual es importante para el diseño de estrategias que permitan integrar acciones de mitigación de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y promover la economía campesina local.

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Section: Sapotaceaeunclassified

Almacenamiento de carbono en sistemas agroforestales en los Llanos Orientales de Colombia

Hernández-Núñez¹,

Andrade²,

Suárez³

et al. 2021

RBT

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“…This production system is the livelihood of approximately five million rural households (Scudder et al, 2022), 80% of which present vulnerable conditions (Vaast and Somarriba, 2014). Cocoa planted under AFS allows multiple benefits, such as: (a) conservation of biodiversity and generation of ecosystem services (Deheuvels et al, 2014;Vaast and Somarriba, 2014;Asigbaase et al, 2019;Maney et al, 2022), (b) adaptive capacity to climate variability and change (Andrade et al, 2013;Salvador et al, 2019;Notaro et al, 2021;Zequeira-Larios et al, 2021;Hernández-Núñez et al, 2021a), (c) contribution to self-consumption, food security and food and nutritional sovereignty (Vaast and Somarriba, 2014;Hosseini et al, 2017;Saj et al, 2017;Asigbaase et al, 2019;Notaro et al, 2021;Gonas et al, 2022), (d) decrease in the economic vulnerability of households (Cerda et al, 2014;Vaast and Somarriba, 2014;Hosseini et al, 2017;Hernández-Nuñez et al, 2020;Notaro et al, 2021;Somarriba et al, 2021;Zequeira-Larios et al, 2021), and (e) synergy that makes the production system sustainable (Vaast and Somarriba, 2014;Hosseini et al, 2017;Wartenberg et al, 2017;Asigbaase et al, 2019;Notaro et al, 2021;Zequeira-Larios et al, 2021;Maney et al, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These conditions threaten the sustainability of the crop, which has a direct impact on the wellbeing of rural households (Scudder et al, 2022). Additionally, the improvement of cocoa AFS, setting bean yield as the only criterion, invisibilize the multiple objectives that can be achieved (Vaast and Somarriba, 2014;Hernández-Nuñez et al, 2020), as the other products are as important as cocoa in contributing to household livelihoods (Vaast and Somarriba, 2014;Hosseini et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The interactions of the above factors determine whether there are synergistic or competitive effects in the production system (Notaro et al, 2021). An adequate AFS design can achieve optimal cocoa bean yields, generate co-products and enhance the provision of ecosystem services, aspects that improve household well-being (Hosseini et al, 2017;Asigbaase et al, 2019;Hernández-Nuñez et al, 2020;Numbisi et al, 2021;Zequeira-Larios et al, 2021). Moreover, AFS are not static but change over farm age and production cycles (Numbisi et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interactions between climate, shade canopy characteristics and cocoa production in Colombia

Hernández-Nuñez,

Suárez,

Andrade

et al. 2024

Front. Sustain. Food Syst.

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Properly designed agroforestry systems (AFS) can generate optimal cocoa bean (BC) yields, produce co-products and provide ecosystem services. This study analyzes the interactions between climate, AFS structure and BC yield in six climatic zones across three natural regions of Colombia. A total of 305 plots of 1,000 m2 each were established in 132 farms where the cocoa-AFS structure, BC yield and climatic variables were determined. Five typologies of cocoa-AFS were obtained based on the characteristics of the shade canopy and the abundance of cocoa trees: “Highly diversified multistratum with high biomass” (HDMHB), “Diversified multistratum with high shade and abundance of Musaceae (DMHSM),” “Diversified multistratum with high abundance of cocoa trees (DMHDC),” “Diversified monostratum with low shade (DMLS)” and “monostratum with minimal shade (MMS).” In the departments of Huila and Caquetá, Andean and Amazonia regions, respectively, the HDMHB typology predominated, while in Meta, the Orinoquia region, it was MMS. In the temperate-humid zone, the DMHDC and DMHSM typologies were not found. A high floristic diversity of the shade canopy was found: 229 species; Caquetá registered the highest number (152). The most frequent canopy companion species were Musa paradisiaca, Cariniana pyriformis, Cedrela odorata, Psidium guajava, Musa sapientum, and Cordia alliodora. The highest abundance of cocoa trees occurs in areas with lower temperature and relative humidity and in AFS with lower abundance of fruit and timber trees. Zones with higher temperature and lower precipitation had higher abundance of timber species (r = 0.23). The BC yield is higher in areas with higher precipitation and is related to the lower abundance of individuals of timber and fruit species, and to the higher abundance of Fabaceae. The BC yield depends on the typology (p < 0.0001) of the cacao systems and was higher in DMHDC (1,148 kg ha−1 yr.−1). These results are key for the design of cocoa-AFS farms that maximize the integral production of BC, co-products and ecosystem services, approaching sustainable cocoa farming.

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Mapping social impacts of agricultural commodity trade onto the sustainable development goals

Schaafsma

Dreoni

Ayompe

et al. 2023

Sustainable Development

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While international trade in agricultural commodities can spur economic development especially where governance is strong, there are also concerns about the local impacts of commodity production and their distribution on the environment and on people. The sustainable development goals (SDGs), though seeing trade as a means to support their achievement, recognise the need to address potential negative social and environmental impacts. It is therefore important to assess the contribution of international trade to the SDGs in commodity production areas. The environmental impacts of commodity production are widely acknowledged, but much less is known about its social impacts, and how this affects poverty reduction objectives across different dimensions. Impacts on human wellbeing and equity depend on a multitude of factors, including resources, systemic conditions and outputs of production. Through a broad literature review on soy, coffee, cocoa and palm oil, we show how studies

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Agronomic conditions of cacao cultivation: its relationship with the capitals endowment of Colombian rural households

Cited by 10 publications

References 32 publications

Almacenamiento de carbono en sistemas agroforestales en los Llanos Orientales de Colombia

Almacenamiento de carbono en sistemas agroforestales en los Llanos Orientales de Colombia

Interactions between climate, shade canopy characteristics and cocoa production in Colombia

Mapping social impacts of agricultural commodity trade onto the sustainable development goals

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