The article covers in detail the history of the creation and construction of the Morozov Children’s City Clinical Hospital of the Moscow Department of Health. The development of medical care for children is described, from the organization of outpatient care and infectious diseases departments in the first half of the 20th century to highly specialized medical care in the 21st century. The main results of clinical, scientific and educational activities, achievements of scientific pediatric schools, and the contribution of researchers working at the Morozov Hospital to various fields of pediatrics and pediatric surgery are presented.