AIDS: The Second Decade

Miller, Heather G.; Turner, Charles; Moses, Lincoln E.

doi:10.2307/1966694

Cited by 35 publications

(46 citation statements)

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“…Surveillance data (Onondaga County Health Department, 1991a) indicate that Syracuse is representative of the second wave of the epidemic, in which residents of smaller urban areas will be at greater risk for infection with HIV (cf. Kelly, Murphy, Sikkema & Kalichman, 1993;Miller, Turner, & Moses, 1990;O'Leary & Jemmott, 1995). All activities took place at a community-based organization long known for its service to communities of color.…”

Section: Methods Research Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing motivation to reduce the risk of HIV infection for economically disadvantaged urban women.

Carey¹,

Maisto²,

Kalichman³

et al. 1997

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

206

170

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This research evaluated a motivation-based HIV-risk-reduction intervention for economically disadvantaged urban women. Participants completed a survey that assessed HIV-related knowledge, risk perceptions, behavioral intentions, sexual communication, substance use, and risk behavior. A total of 102 at-risk women (76% African-American) were randomly assigned to either the riskreduction intervention or to a waiting list. Women were reassessed at three and twelve weeks. Results indicated that treated women increased their knowledge and risk awareness, strengthened their intentions to adopt safer sexual practices, communicated their intentions with partners, reduced substance use proximal to sexual activities, and engaged in fewer acts of unprotected vaginal intercourse. These effects were observed immediately and most were maintained at follow-up.

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Section: Methods Research Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing motivation to reduce the risk of HIV infection for economically disadvantaged urban women.

Carey¹,

Maisto²,

Kalichman³

et al. 1997

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

206

170

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In all likelihood, though, the self-reported data can be trusted, as numerous authors have noted that substance abusers in their research studies have provided accurate information about their drug-using behaviors. [21][22][23][24] Second, although the communities where Project NIA was conducted were assigned to the standard or enhanced intervention condition on a random basis, the individuals participating in the study at these locales were not. Thus, the randomization procedure used in this study was practical, considering the study's logistical needs, but not ideal scientifically.…”

Section: Study Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Project Neighborhoods in Action: An HIV-related intervention project targeting drug abusers in Washington, DC

et al. 1999

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Project Neighborhoods in Action was a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) outreach and intervention program that was conducted with injection drug users and crack users in several inner-city neighborhoods in the District of Columbia. Study participants were placed randomly in either a standard intervention or an enhanced intervention condition, with more than 800 persons being assigned to each group. Drug use frequency dropped from 15.2 days to 12.4 for alcohol (P <.0001), 2.1 days to 1.6 for marijuana (P < .003), 13.0 days to 8.8 days for crack (P < .0001), 2.4 days to 1.5 days for cocaine (P < .0001), 19.7 days to 15.6 for heroin (P < .0001), and 5.2 days to 3.4 for speedball (P < .0001). Drug injecting decreased from an average of 90.8 times to 66.9 (P < .0001), with both direct sharing and indirect sharing rates decreasing significantly as well (from 2.4 to 1.1 times for the former [P < .002] and from 12.0 to 8.1 times for the latter [P < .0004]). The number of sexual partners dropped from a mean of 1.6 to 1.1 (P < .0001). The number of drug-injecting sexual partners went from 0.3 to 0.2 (P < .01). Having sex while high decreased from 11.2 times to 7.9 (P < .0001). Trading sex for drugs and/or money declined from 1.9 times to 1.3 (P < .001). Protected sex increased from 29.5% to 63.7% (P < .0001), and the number of unprotected sexual acts dropped from 9.6 to 7.2 (P < .0001). Only a few differences were observed for standard versus enhanced intervention respondents, with no particular pattern formed. We were left with the impression that the standard intervention and enhanced intervention used in this program were about equally effective at reducing the involvement of drug abusers in HIV-related risky behaviors.

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“…However, these same data show that about 20% of these cases are persons in their early 20s (CDC, 1991). Because the incubation period from first infection to AIDS diagnosis can be 8 to 10 years, it is likely that the AIDS cases in this age range contracted HIV as adolescents (Miller et al, 1990).…”

Section: Background and Epidemiological Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent National Academy of Science report (Miller et al, 1990) stated that HIV infection is no longer restricted geographically or demographically and the adolescent population has been "seeded" with HIV. Thus, focusing on adolescents in the general population seems verifiably important.…”

Section: Background and Epidemiological Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Extending the Concept of Social Validity: Behavior Analysis for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion

Winett

Moore

Anderson

1991

J of App Behav Analysis

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A broader definition of social validity is proposed wherein a socially valid behavior-change intervention is directed to a problem of verifiable importance, the intervention is valued and used appropriately by designated target groups, and the intervention as used has sufficient behavioral impact to substantially reduce the probability of the problem's occurrence in target populations. The verifiable importance of a problem is based on epidemiological data, and the value and appropriate use of an intervention are enhanced through the use of conceptual frameworks for social marketing and behavior change and considerable formative and pilot research. Behavioral impact is assessed through efficacy and effectiveness studies. Thus, the social validity of a behavior-change intervention is established through a number of interactive, a priori steps. This approach to defining social validity is related to critical analysis and intervention issues including individual and population perspectives and "top-down" and "bottom-up" approaches to intervention design. This broader definition of social validity is illustrated by a project to reduce the risk of HIV infection among adolescents. Although the various steps involved in creating socially valid interventions can be complicated, time-consuming, and ratings are the ones more likely to be purposely disseminated and adopted. Interventions with dear evidence ofbehavioral outcome, but with low social validity, may be purposely disseminated but will have a lower probability of being adopted (Stolz, 1981). The last point indicates that social validity is directly related to such broader areas as the dissemination of innovations (Rogers, 1983) and appropriate community technologies (Fawcett, Seekins, Whang, & Muiu, 1984).The early exposition of social validity (Wolf, 1978) was apparently presented as a resolution of the conffict between objective behavioral measures of outcome and more subjective post hoc measures of value, importance, and utility by consumers. It was decided that post hoc subjective consumer measures can be an admissible part of behavior-analytic work because these measures are necessary to refine and validate interventions. This discussion offers a broader perspective of social validity. From our perspective, social validity should be a process using epidemiological data and a series of interactive a priori steps, induding frequent contact with potential users of an intervention and the application of both objective and subjective measures. Thus, we 215 19911 249, [215][216][217][218][219][220][221][222][223][224][225][226][227][228][229][230] NumBER 2 (summER 1991) RICHARD A. WINETT et al. have prepared this discussion artide to (a) broaden the boundaries of social validity, (b) articulate measures and processes involved in assessing social validity, and (c) provide examples of the interactive steps involved in designing, refining, and evaluating a socially valid intervention program. DEFINMION AND BouNDARIEsA socially valid behavior-change intervention ...

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AIDS: The Second Decade

Cited by 35 publications

References 0 publications

Enhancing motivation to reduce the risk of HIV infection for economically disadvantaged urban women.

Enhancing motivation to reduce the risk of HIV infection for economically disadvantaged urban women.

Project Neighborhoods in Action: An HIV-related intervention project targeting drug abusers in Washington, DC

Extending the Concept of Social Validity: Behavior Analysis for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion

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