Abstract:Image-guided photodynamic therapy (PDT) can realize highly precise and effective therapy due to the integration of imaging and therapy, and put forward high requirement for photosensitizers. However, the PDT modality...
“…Up to now, some strategies have been successfully developed to achieve type I PDT with organic PSs, such as improving the rate constant (k ISC ) of intersystem crossing (ISC) to generate triplet excitons, [13][14][15] enhancing intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) to reduce the energy gap (D EST ) between the singlet and triplet states, [16][17][18] and expanding the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) constant by introducing heavy atoms. 19,20 Although significant progress has been made, there is always a high demand to develop hypoxia-resistant type I PSs.…”
Type I photodynamic therapy (PDT) with less oxygen consumption shows great potential to overcome malignant hypoxia in solid tumors. Herein, a novel meso phosphate substituted pyronin PY-P and its nanoparticles...
“…Up to now, some strategies have been successfully developed to achieve type I PDT with organic PSs, such as improving the rate constant (k ISC ) of intersystem crossing (ISC) to generate triplet excitons, [13][14][15] enhancing intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) to reduce the energy gap (D EST ) between the singlet and triplet states, [16][17][18] and expanding the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) constant by introducing heavy atoms. 19,20 Although significant progress has been made, there is always a high demand to develop hypoxia-resistant type I PSs.…”
Type I photodynamic therapy (PDT) with less oxygen consumption shows great potential to overcome malignant hypoxia in solid tumors. Herein, a novel meso phosphate substituted pyronin PY-P and its nanoparticles...
“…The highly efficient generation of Type I ROS and excellent photothermal conversion ability are resourcefully integrated into these PQ-cored PSs to achieve Type I photodynamic and photothermal combined antitumor treatment. Other detailed studies on the photophysical and photochemical mechanisms of AIE-PSs provided a reference for the molecular design of AIE-PSs basing on the Type I mechanism [ 86 – 89 ]. Fig.…”
Cancer remains a serious threat to human health owing to the lack of effective treatments. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising non-invasive cancer treatment that consists of three main elements: photosensitizers (PSs), light and oxygen. However, some traditional PSs are prone to aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ), leading to reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation capacity. Aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-PSs, due to their distorted structure, suppress the strong molecular interactions, making them more photosensitive in the aggregated state instead. Activated by light, they can efficiently produce ROS and induce cell death. PS is one of the core factors of efficient PDT, so proceeding from the design and preparation of AIE-PSs, including how to manipulate the electron donor (D) and receptor (A) in the PSs configuration, introduce heavy atoms or metal complexes, design of Type I AIE-PSs, polymerization-enhanced photosensitization and nano-engineering approaches. Then, the preclinical experiments of AIE-PSs in treating different types of tumors, such as ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, and its great potential clinical applications are discussed. In addition, some perspectives on the further development of AIE-PSs are presented. This review hopes to stimulate the interest of researchers in different fields such as chemistry, materials science, biology, and medicine, and promote the clinical translation of AIE-PSs.
Graphical Abstract
“…In this respect, type I PDT has been widely employed due to the longer half-life of O 2 •− , as well as the strong oxidizing property of OH • . Possessing the advantage of AIE and AIG-ROS, periodical achievements in the FLI-guided PDT of pathogenic microbes have been attained, based on AIE-active type I PSs [ 74 , 75 , 76 ].…”
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), emerging as a minimally invasive therapeutic modality with precise controllability and high spatiotemporal accuracy, has earned significant advancements in the field of cancer and other non-cancerous diseases treatment. Thereinto, type I PDT represents an irreplaceable and meritorious part in contributing to these delightful achievements since its distinctive hypoxia tolerance can perfectly compensate for the high oxygen-dependent type II PDT, particularly in hypoxic tissues. Regarding the diverse type I photosensitizers (PSs) that light up type I PDT, aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-active type I PSs are currently arousing great research interest owing to their distinguished AIE and aggregation-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (AIE-ROS) features. In this review, we offer a comprehensive overview of the cutting-edge advances of novel AIE-active type I PSs by delineating the photophysical and photochemical mechanisms of the type I pathway, summarizing the current molecular design strategies for promoting the type I process, and showcasing current bioapplications, in succession. Notably, the strategies to construct highly efficient type I AIE PSs were elucidated in detail from the two aspects of introducing high electron affinity groups, and enhancing intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) intensity. Lastly, we present a brief conclusion, and a discussion on the current limitations and proposed opportunities.
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