2-carboxylic acids [3] and corresponding esters [4]. Pyrrole-2-carboxylates are also useful substrates for the preparation of more complex pyrrole containing systems [5] such as ketorolac, a drug with anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties [6]. It is noted that the 2-acylpyrrole motif is widespread in nature. There are many examples of 2-acylpyrrole based molecules (Figure 1) with various biological activities [7,8]. Representative examples are pyoluteorin and pyrrolomycin D, secondary metabolites produced by marine
Conformational Preferences of 2-Acylpyrroles in Light of FT-IR and DFT StudiesAlina T Dubis* Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Hurtowa 1, Poland
AbstractConformations of alpha-substituted pyrroles have been effectively studied using spectroscopic methods assisted by theoretical calculations developed in the recent decade. The question of how to effectively study the conformation of 2-acylpyrrole no longer remains unanswered. The detailed spectroscopic studies conducted in the last decade and interpreted on the basis of theoretical calculations provide a satisfactory answer to that question. Based on the Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations of conformational properties of 2-acylpyrroles, for which two stable rotameric forms were predicted, syn and anti-conformers have been studied either by experimental or theoretical methods. The family of 2-acylpyrroles have both a proton donor N-H group and a proton acceptor C=O group. This structure favors the formation of doubly hydrogen-bonded cyclic dimers connected by two N-H...O=C bonds. The tendency to form cyclic dimers stabilizes the syn-conformation. Due to these properties 2-acylpyrroles can be used as structural models for the conformational analysis of peptides.This review summarizes recent investigations of conformations of 2-acylpyrroles, with a particular emphasis on the hydrogen bonds forming within these systems. The influence of 2-substitution on different aspects of stability of these molecular systems and the usefulness of infrared spectroscopy supported by theoretical calculations in H-bonds and conformational studies are discussed. Among the molecular properties hydrogen bond energy, structural characteristics such as C=O bond length of dimers and unique spectral features of 2-acylpyrroles that can be used to predict and investigate the conformation and structure of proteins are considered.Graphical abstract. The potential energy diagram of 2-acylpyrroles as a function of the dihedral angle pyrrole ringcarbonyl group of bond rotation. Most stable conformer syn converts to conformer anti via the transition state TS1; less stable conformer anti converts to conformer syn via the transition state TS2. conformational research and can greatly support experimental work with quite good accuracy. Among the most useful parameters are geometrical parameters, relative conformational energies, barriers to internal rotation and vibrational frequencies for each conformer.
Journal of Physical Chemistry & BiophysicsEnergy differ...