"Ain't I a Woman?"

“Nowhere for me to go:” Black Female Student-Athlete Experiences on a Predominantly White Campus

“…This legislation has been monumental for women's sports participation overall; however, the focus of Title IX has been gender equity, not racial equity, and the gains for Black females have been markedly slower than for their White counterparts (Rhoden, 2012;Tryce & Brooks, 2010). Indeed, at the intercollegiate level, Black women are underrepresented in all but two sports: basketball, where they comprise 52% of Division I female student-athletes, and track and field, where they make up 27% (National Collegiate Athletic Association, NCAA, 2012).…”

Success Through Community Cultural Wealth: Reflections From Black Female College Athletes at a Historically Black College/University (HBCU) and a Historically White Institution (HWI)

“…Despite the significant progress in female sports since the passage of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, athletic spaces remain largely sexist environments whereby female athletes are subjugated by institutional systems rooted in patriarchy (Corbett & Johnson, 2000;Flowers, 2015;Tryce & Brooks, 2010). Previous research has highlighted how African American female college athletes experience multilevel marginalization at the macro/societal level (via mass media), meso/institutional level (underrepresentation of same race and gender role models in athletic leadership positions), and micro/interpersonal level (encounters with negative stereotypes) (Bruening et al, 2005;Carter, 2008;Withycombe, 2011).…”

“…The marginalization of this subgroup is unique due to the subordination of their intersecting identities including their sex 2 , race, and athletic status (Bruening, 2005;Bruening, Armstrong, & Pastore, 2005;Carter, 2008;Corbett & Johnson, 2000;Person, Benson-Quaziena, & Rogers, 2001; Withycombe, 2011). For example, despite graduating at higher rates compared with their Black male college athlete peers, an abundance of research related to race, sport, and education has reinforced patriarchal norms whereby the latter group has been the central focus whereas the former group has been marginalized to the periphery (Bruening, 2005;Tryce & Brooks, 2010).…”