Air Bags and Children: Results of a National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Special Investigation into Actual Crashes

Winston, Flaura Koplin; Reed, Richard

doi:10.4271/962438

Cited by 22 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…[81][82][83][84][85] Several researchers reviewed case series of children exposed to deploying passenger air bags to elucidate the mechanisms of injury. [86][87][88][89][90] For children killed in a rear-facing CSSs, the air bag typically deployed into the rear surface of the child restraint near the child's head and caused fatal skull and brain injuries. For older children who were either unrestrained or restrained in seat belts inappropriate for their age, braking before impact caused the child to pitch forward so that they were in the path of the air bag as it deployed.…”

Section: Children and Air Bagsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Child Passenger Safety

Durbin¹,

Gardner²,

Baum³

et al. 2011

Pediatrics

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Despite significant reductions in the number of children killed in motor vehicle crashes over the past decade, crashes continue to be the leading cause of death for children 4 years and older. Therefore, the American Academy of Pediatrics continues to recommend inclusion of child passenger safety anticipatory guidance at every health-supervision visit. This technical report provides a summary of the evidence in support of 5 recommendations for best practices to optimize safety in passenger vehicles for children from birth through adolescence that all pediatricians should know and promote in their routine practice. These recommendations are presented in the revised policy statement on child passenger safety in the form of an algorithm that is intended to facilitate their implementation by pediatricians with their patients and families. The algorithm is designed to cover the majority of situations that pediatricians will encounter in practice. In addition, a summary of evidence on a number of additional issues that affect the safety of children in motor vehicles, including the proper use and installation of child restraints, exposure to air bags, travel in pickup trucks, children left in or around vehicles, and the importance of restraint laws, is provided. Finally, this technical report provides pediatricians with a number of resources for additional information to use when providing anticipatory guidance to families.

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Section: Children and Air Bagsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Child Passenger Safety

Durbin¹,

Gardner²,

Baum³

et al. 2011

Pediatrics

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show abstract

“…In addition, preimpact braking was included in the simulation because braking has been shown to be a common characteristic of air bag crashes with occupant fatalities. 8 The rate of braking was simulated at 6.8 m/s 2 , previously shown to be characteristic of average driver behavior. 9 For all simulations, the vehicle seat was set at the rearmost position.…”

Section: Computer Crash Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For unrestrained children, our simulations predicted occupant movement and resultant injuries that agreed with investigations of child fatalities due to air bags. 8,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24] Our model predicted serious head, neck, and chest injuries. The reported injuries sustained by children as a result of air bag exposure included head injuries (extracranial hemorrhage, parenchymal brain injury, cerebral edema, brain swelling, intracranial hemorrhage, brain herniation, and skull fracture), neck injuries (cervical cord injury, cervical spine dislocation, subluxation, and frac-ture), and thoracic injuries (interatrial septum hematoma, pulmonary hemorrhage, pulmonary contusions, inferior vena cava laceration, and sternal fracture).…”

Section: Commentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computer Crash Simulations in the Development of Child Occupant Safety Policies

Winston

Arbogast²,

Lee³

et al. 2000

Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med

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Using current crash simulation software, this study demonstrated that the risk of air bags to school-aged children could be predicted. Our results confirmed the previously identified risks to unrestrained children and provided the first evidence that air bags, in their current design, are not beneficial to restrained children. This study illustrates that computer crash simulations should be used proactively to identify injury risks to child occupants, particularly when limited real-world data are available.

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“…These include altering the language in which an intervention is delivered6 to a population or varying the implementation of an intervention to accommodate important individual differences, for example, through kiosk-delivered tailored messaging7 8 or safety technology tailored to the characteristics of the vehicle occupant. When air bags were first introduced, they were largely one-size-fits-all and children and short-statured women suffered fatal injuries when in the path of the deploying air bag 9. Over the past few decades, manufacturers of vehicles, restraints and air bags have increasingly added sophisticated sensors that recognise the presence of small-statured occupants who are seated close to the air bag, putting them at risk.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Precision prevention: time to move beyond universal interventions

2015

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Nearly two decades ago, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) in the USA recognised that many adverse health outcomes result from behavioural tendencies that place individuals at risk. Programmes designed to change these behaviours could have long-term salutary effects. They further noted the heterogeneity within and across populations and over time in the nature and severity of unhealthy behaviours. To address the disparate needs of individuals in a population, the IOM proposed a multi-tiered framework for prevention that provides differential and increasingly more intense preventive intervention as a function of level of risk and response to prior intervention.1 This framework has been adopted for a wide range of educational and behavioural health issues; for example, in the school setting, the prevention and early intervention for preschool children at risk for learning or behaviour problems; 2 3 in the community setting, the management of blood pressure 4 and in the inpatient clinical setting, the secondary prevention of traumatic stress.

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Air Bags and Children: Results of a National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Special Investigation into Actual Crashes

Cited by 22 publications

References 6 publications

Child Passenger Safety

Child Passenger Safety

Computer Crash Simulations in the Development of Child Occupant Safety Policies

Precision prevention: time to move beyond universal interventions

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