“…They also connect regional, intra-state, and international air transport systems, and integrate the global system of air transport (Rodrigue et al, 2017). Third, in some developed and developing regions, such as Central and Eastern Europe, charter carriers are strong competitors of low-cost carriers (see e.g., Almeida, 2012;Starkie, 2012or Taylor, 2016, but their business is mostly of a seasonal nature and the spatial patterns of relevant flights are different; charter flights are mostly related to travel for tourism. From the point of view of carriers, they are able to expand to a greater number of airports, to cut costs at hubs thanks to savings related to higher frequency of transport, and to better coordinate flights at large airports (e.g., Martín & Román, 2003).…”