Air‐Lake Momentum and Heat Exchange in Very Young Waves Using Energy and Water Budget Closure

Abstract

Turbulent momentum and heat exchanges through the air-water interface play a central role in hydro-and thermodynamics of lakes and atmospheres. On the one hand, the momentum flux shapes nutrient and sediment transports in lakes (

The Importance of Heat Storage for Estimating Lake Evaporation on Different Time Scales: Insights From a Large Shallow Subtropical Lake

“…Wind speed has both positive and negative effects on the variation of G c . On the one hand, higher wind speed facilitates the lake's heating and cooling processes by accelerating the water exchange between the surface and bottom layers (Lükő et al., 2022). On the other hand, higher wind speed boosts LE losses and causes the lake surface to be colder relative to the air during the daytime due to the evaporative cooling effect.…”

Adaptation of Wind Drag Coefficient Parameterization: Improvement of Hydrodynamic Modeling by a Wave‐Dependent Cd in Large Shallow Lakes

“…The data sets of Grand Banks ERS‐1 SAR (Dobson et al., 1994), HEXMAX (J. A. M. Janssen, 1997), RASEX (Johnson et al., 1998), SWADE (Donelan et al., 1997), SOWEX (Banner et al., 1999), CBLAST‐LOW (Edson et al., 2007), COARE3.0 (Fairall et al., 2003), and COARE3.5 (Edson et al., 2013) represented open sea experiments, while the data sets for Lake Ontario (Anctil & Donelan, 1996), Lake George (Babanin & Makin, 2008), and Lake Balaton (Lükő et al., 2022) represented inland lakes. Most of the data sets were collected from tables in their published articles, while the data sets of CBLAST‐LOW, COARE3.0, and COARE3.5 were extracted from figures in the published articles.…”

“…Donelan et al (1993) advocated separating laboratory results from field observations since some young waves in the laboratory were smoother than their equivalent field waves on open seas. However, these poorly developed waves might occur in both laboratories and in large shallow lakes (Lükő et al, 2022). The coefficients of the data set established by Toba et al (1990), which considered young laboratory waves, were thus adopted in this study to explain the response of C d to wave parameters.…”

“…The wind stress equation (i.e., C d empirical formula) proposed by Wu (1982) is employed in the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC), and a C d formulae developed by Wüest and Lorke (2003) is used in CE‐QUAL‐W2. Recent studies have shown that the C d results, which linearly increased with wind speed, were underestimated by a factor of two to four at light winds (Lükő et al., 2022; Ortiz‐Suslow et al., 2018). Consequently, the modeled water velocities were much lower than the observed velocities in large shallow lakes (Chen et al., 2020; Paturi et al., 2012; Wood et al., 2008).…”

A review of wind-driven hydrodynamics in large shallow lakes: Importance, process-based modeling and perspectives

“…It might then decrease slightly with wind speed because of wave breaking and airflow separation accompanied by solid wind waves over seas (Jarosz et al, 2007). Wind speed over inland lakes is mostly below 5 m/s wherein C d decreases with increasing wind speed (Bradley et al, 1991;Edson et al, 2013) and can reach two or more factors of that over seas (Lükő et al, 2022). A minimum value for U 10 ranges from 2 to 5 m/s, and C d for U 10 = 2 m/s is around 0.002 (Geernaert et al, 1987;Wüest and Lorke, 2003).…”