Air Pollution, Airway Inflammation, and Lung Function in a Cohort Study of Mexico City Schoolchildren

Barraza‐Villarreal, Albino; Sunyer, Jordi; Hernández‐Cadena, Leticia; Escamilla-Núñez, Consuelo; Sienra-Monge, Juan José Luis; Ramírez-Aguilar, Matiana; Cortez‐Lugo, Marlene; Holguín, Fernando; Díaz-Sánchez, David; Olin, Anna Carin; Romieu, Isabelle

doi:10.1289/ehp.10926

Cited by 202 publications

(177 citation statements)

References 52 publications

(64 reference statements)

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“…Similar inverse correlations between PM exposure and individual PEFR and FEV1 measurements have been reproduced internationally [60]. In the developing world, where indoor biomass burning can lead to PM levels exceeding 200 μg/m 3 , researchers demonstrated that chronic exposure in children can lead to adult COPD, increased rates of lung infection, and impaired lung function [61].…”

Section: Pm and Pulmonary Functionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Clearing the Air: A Review of the Effects of Particulate Matter Air Pollution on Human Health

2011

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The World Health Organization estimates that particulate matter (PM) air pollution contributes to approximately 800,000 premature deaths each year, ranking it the 13th leading cause of mortality worldwide. However, many studies show that the relationship is deeper and far more complicated than originally thought. PM is a portion of air pollution that is made up of extremely small particles and liquid droplets containing acids, organic chemicals, metals, and soil or dust particles. PM is categorized by size and continues to be the fraction of air pollution that is most reliably associated with human disease. PM is thought to contribute to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease by the mechanisms of systemic inflammation, direct and indirect coagulation activation, and direct translocation into systemic circulation. The data demonstrating PM's effect on the cardiovascular system are strong. Populations subjected to long-term exposure to PM have a significantly higher cardiovascular incident and mortality rate. Short-term acute exposures subtly increase the rate of cardiovascular events within days of a pollution spike. The data are not as strong for PM's effects on cerebrovascular disease, though some data and similar mechanisms suggest a lesser result with smaller amplitude. Respiratory diseases are also exacerbated by exposure to PM. PM causes respiratory morbidity and mortality by creating oxidative stress and inflammation that leads to pulmonary anatomic and physiologic remodeling. The literature shows PM causes worsening respiratory symptoms, more frequent medication use, decreased lung function, recurrent health care utilization, and increased mortality. PM exposure has been shown to have a small but significant adverse effect on cardiovascular, respiratory, and to a lesser extent, cerebrovascular disease. These consistent results are shown by multiple studies with varying populations, protocols, and regions. The data demonstrate a dose-dependent relationship between PM and human disease, and that removal from a PM-rich environment decreases the prevalence of these diseases. While further study is needed to elucidate the effects of composition, chemistry, and the PM effect on susceptible populations, the preponderance of data shows that PM exposure causes a small but significant increase in human morbidity and mortality. Most sources agree on certain "common sense" recommendations, although there are lonely limited data to support them. Indoor PM exposure can be reduced by the usage of air conditioning and particulate filters, decreasing indoor combustion for heating and cooking, and smoking cessation. Susceptible populations, such as the elderly or asthmatics, may benefit from limiting their outdoor activity during peak traffic periods or poor air quality days. These simple changes may benefit individual patients in both short-term symptomatic control and long-term cardiovascular and respiratory complications.

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Section: Pm and Pulmonary Functionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Clearing the Air: A Review of the Effects of Particulate Matter Air Pollution on Human Health

2011

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“…Airway inflammation has also been examined in a number of panel studies, using exhaled nitric oxide as a non-invasive measure of allergic inflammation. While there appears to be a clear relationship between ozone and health effects in children (Liu et al, 2009;Berhane et al, 2011;Nickmilder et al, 2007;Barraza-Villarreal et al, 2008;Sienra-Monge et al, 2004), the data for adults is mixed (Delfino et al, 2010b;Eiswerth, Douglass Shaw & Yen, 2005). There is little evidence from panel studies to demonstrate this association is stronger in asthmatic children (Berhane et al, 2011;BarrazaVillarreal et al, 2008).…”

Section: Experimental and Panel Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A rapid assessment of the impact of hazard reduction burning around Sydney, May 2016

Broome¹,

Johnston

Horsley

et al. 2016

Medical Journal of Australia

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This document presents answers to 24 questions relevant to reviewing European policies on air pollution and to addressing health aspects of these policies. The answers were developed by a large group of scientists engaged in the WHO project "Review of evidence on health aspects of air pollution -REVIHAAP". The experts reviewed and discussed the newly accumulated scientific evidence on the adverse effects on health of air pollution, formulating science-based answers to the 24 questions. Extensive rationales for the answers, including the list of key references, are provided. The review concludes that a considerable amount of new scientific information on the adverse effects on health of particulate matter, ozone and nitrogen dioxide, observed at levels commonly present in Europe, has been published in recent years. This new evidence supports the scientific conclusions of the WHO air quality guidelines, last updated in 2005, and indicates that the effects in some cases occur at air pollution concentrations lower than those serving to establish these guidelines. It also provides scientific arguments for taking decisive actions to improve air quality and reduce the burden of disease associated with air pollution in Europe.This publication arises from the project REVIHAAP and has been co-funded by the European Union. Keywords AIR POLLUTANTS AIR POLLUTION -ADVERSE EFFECTS ENVIRONMENT AND PUBLIC HEALTH EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE GUIDELINES HEALTH POLICYAddress requests about publications of the WHO Regional Office for Europe to: Publications WHO Regional Office for Europe Scherfigsvej 8 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark Alternatively, complete an online request form for documentation, health information, or for permission to quote or translate, on the Regional Office web site (http://www.euro.who.int/pubrequest). © World Health Organization 2013All rights reserved. The Regional Office for Europe of the World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full.The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate borderlines for which there may not yet be full agreement.The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either express or implied. ...

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“…Barraza-Villarreal et al (2008) show that the exposure to PM 2.5 provokes airway inflammation and decrement of lung function, and Holguin et al (2003) observed that the concentrations of PM 2.5 are related with cardiac dysfunction especially in elderly persons in MCMA.…”

Section: Toxic Effects and Human Health Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic Compound in Airborne Particles and their Genottoxic Effects in Mexico City

Villalobos-Pietrini¹,

Amador-Muñóz²,

Valle-Hernández³

et al. 2011

Air Quality Monitoring, Assessment and Management

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Air Pollution, Airway Inflammation, and Lung Function in a Cohort Study of Mexico City Schoolchildren

Cited by 202 publications

References 52 publications

Clearing the Air: A Review of the Effects of Particulate Matter Air Pollution on Human Health

Clearing the Air: A Review of the Effects of Particulate Matter Air Pollution on Human Health

A rapid assessment of the impact of hazard reduction burning around Sydney, May 2016

Organic Compound in Airborne Particles and their Genottoxic Effects in Mexico City

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