Air pollution and cardiovascular diseases

Abstract

This comprehensive literature review explores the intricate relationship between air pollution and cardiovascular diseases, emphasizing the global significance of this environmental concern. The study delves into key air pollutants, including Particulate Matter (PM), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Ozone (O3), and Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), revealing their associations with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The detrimental effects involve systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerosis. The review meticulously analyzes epidemiological studies, such as the UK Biobank study, linking long-term exposure to ambient air pollution, specifically PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and NOx, with increased risks of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Specific populations, characterized as susceptible or vulnerable, are identified, including adults over 60 and individuals with pre-existing health conditions. Studies examining genetic variations, blood pressure changes, and meteorological variables contribute to understanding individual susceptibility. The review highlights the role of air pollution in influencing sleep patterns, physical activity, and temperature-related cardiovascular strain. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of recognizing air pollution as a modifiable risk factor, providing evidence of its association with cardiovascular risk factors and Dyslipidemia. The impact of air pollution on diverse cardiovascular outcomes, including heart failure, stroke, and ischemic heart disease, is discussed. The review underscores the urgent need for public health interventions and policy recommendations to mitigate air pollution's adverse effects. Recognizing air pollution as a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, the study advocates for proactive measures to reduce pollution, promoting cardiovascular health and creating a cleaner environment for future generations.